{"id":6739,"date":"2022-08-02T17:19:41","date_gmt":"2022-08-02T17:19:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/?p=6739"},"modified":"2026-09-16T13:35:22","modified_gmt":"2026-09-16T08:05:22","slug":"plate-tectonic-theory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/plate-tectonic-theory\/","title":{"rendered":"7. Plate Tectonic Theory \/ \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924"},"content":{"rendered":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #d9ff00;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 18pt;\">Plate Tectonic Theory<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">(\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #003300; font-size: 18pt;\">Plate Tectonic Theory<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 18pt;\"> \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u21d2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-nNqG309bAxY\/YLsXcdlReOI\/AAAAAAAAFkE\/vNOZ712xpUwQCDbFW94aoAMNtT45jFt3gCLcBGAsYHQ\/s16000\/plate%2Btectonic.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-nNqG309bAxY\/YLsXcdlReOI\/AAAAAAAAFkE\/vNOZ712xpUwQCDbFW94aoAMNtT45jFt3gCLcBGAsYHQ\/s16000\/plate%2Btectonic.jpg\" alt=\"Plate Tectonic Theory\" width=\"452\" height=\"197\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"322\" data-original-width=\"738\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0942-\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u092d\u0942\u0915\u0902\u092a, \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0917\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><b>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0926\u0943\u095d \u092d\u0942\u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092d\u0942\u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0908 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0942\u092a\u091f\u0932 (Crust) \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u092e\u0948\u0902\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 (Lithosphere) \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 (Astheno sphere) \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><b><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 1955 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0942-\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0947. \u091f\u0942\u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0928 (J-Tuzo Wilson) \u0928\u0947 &#8216;\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f&#8217; \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u00a0 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 (\u092e\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0928, \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0947\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0935 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0930 \u0907\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093f) \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/b><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0940 \u0906 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0903-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff00ff;\"><strong>(i) \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 (\u0905\u0932\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u0917\u0928\u0930, 1912 \u0908.)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Continental Drift Theory (Alfred Wegener, 1912)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff00ff;\"><strong>(ii) \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 (\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u092e\u094d\u0938, 1929 \u0908.)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Convection Current Theory (Arthur Holmes, 1929)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff00ff;\"><strong>(iii) \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 (\u0939\u0948\u0930\u0940\u0939\u0947\u0938, 1960 \u0908.)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Sea-Floor Spreading Theory (Harry Hess, 1960)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><b><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0941 1962 \u0908\u0966 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0930\u093f\u0939\u0938 \u092e\u0939\u094b\u0926\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>{\u0928\u094b\u091f: <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>&#x2663; \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926- \u091f\u0942\u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0928<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>&#x2663; \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926- \u092e\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0928<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>&#x2663; \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928- \u0939\u0948\u0930\u093f\u0939\u0947\u0938<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>&#x2663; \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e- \u092e\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0928<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>&#x2663; \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u0942-\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f\u090f- \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0947\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0935 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0930}<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><u><span style=\"color: #cc0000;\" data-keep-original-tag=\"false\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e:<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Nature and Number of Plates<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 100 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0966 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908\u00a0 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 5 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0966 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 70 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0966 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940\u00a0 <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><b>\u0915\u0947 <\/b><\/span>7 \u092c\u095c\u0947 \u0914\u0930 6 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948-<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f (\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f)- 7<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff00ff;\"><strong>Major Plates<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\" data-keep-original-tag=\"false\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">1. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\/ Pacific Plate<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\" data-keep-original-tag=\"false\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">2. \u0909\u0966 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\/ North American Plate<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\" data-keep-original-tag=\"false\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">3. \u0926\u0966 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\/ South American Plate<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\" data-keep-original-tag=\"false\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">4. \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\/ African Plate<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\" data-keep-original-tag=\"false\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">5. \u092f\u0942\u0930\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\/Eurasian Plate<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\" data-keep-original-tag=\"false\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">6. \u0907\u0923\u094d\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f (\u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b-\u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f) \/Indian Plate (Indo-Australian Plate)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\" data-keep-original-tag=\"false\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">7. \u0905\u0902\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\/Antarctic Plate<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0928\u094b\u091f: \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e 6 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0917\u094c\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f (\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f)- 6<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff00ff;\"><strong>Minor Plate<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(i) \u0905\u0930\u0947\u092c\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\/ Arabian Plate<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(ii) \u092b\u093f\u0932\u0940\u092a\u0940\u0902\u0938 \/\u092b\u093f\u0932\u0940\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\/ Philippine Plate<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(iii) \u0915\u094b\u0915\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\/ Cocos Plate<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(iv) \u0928\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\/ Nazca Plate<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(v) \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\/ Scotia Plate<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(vi) \u0915\u0948\u0930\u0947\u092c\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\/ Caribbean Plate<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-21986 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/plate-tectonic-300x200.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/plate-tectonic-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/plate-tectonic-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/plate-tectonic-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/plate-tectonic.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\n<div class=\"separator\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-18435 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/IMG_20240920_095027-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/IMG_20240920_095027-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/IMG_20240920_095027-1024x731.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/IMG_20240920_095027-768x548.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/IMG_20240920_095027-1536x1097.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/IMG_20240920_095027-2048x1463.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"separator\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-Woj2Q0Nkw_8\/YLsju3eoZwI\/AAAAAAAAFkM\/GTdYQsF_EfkDRLNcwUfFHjgl7X60JSZFQCLcBGAsYHQ\/w400-h373\/20210605_124000.jpg\" alt=\"Plate Tectonic Theory\" width=\"400\" height=\"373\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"832\" data-original-width=\"893\" \/><\/span><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\/Types of Plates<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u21d2 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\/Based on Movement<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u091f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u2013<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"color: #2b00fe; font-size: 14pt;\">1. \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\/Stable Plate<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"color: #2b00fe; font-size: 14pt;\">2. \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\/Moving Plate<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> \u21d2 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\/Based on Structure<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/b><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948- <\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"color: #2b00fe; font-size: 14pt;\">1. \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\/Oceanic Plate:-\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f,<\/b>\u00a0<b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0907\u0923\u094d\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u092f\u093e \u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b-\u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0964<\/b><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u21d2 \u0917\u0924\u093f- 5 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940\u0966 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"color: #2b00fe; font-size: 14pt;\">2. \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f\u00a0 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\/Continental Plate:- <span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0909\u0966 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u0926\u0966 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u092f\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u0905\u0902\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0964<\/b><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u21d2 \u0917\u0924\u093f- 2 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940\u0966 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u092c\u0948\u0938\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 (2.9 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\/\u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940\u0966<sup>3<\/sup>) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 <b>(2.7 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\/\u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940\u0966<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/b> \u00a0\u0915\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/span> \/<\/strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Plate Margins &amp; <strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Plate Boundaries<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924 (Plate Margins) \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8216;\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e&#8217; (Plate Boundaries) \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 (Converge) \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 (Diverge) \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 (Slide) \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 3 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947\u00a0 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948-<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-20537 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/PLATE-300x91.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"91\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/PLATE-300x91.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/PLATE-768x234.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/PLATE.jpg 932w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\n<div class=\"separator\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><\/div>\n<div data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>(i)<\/strong><\/span> <strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0905\u092a\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong> <b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e (Constructive Plate Margin)<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<div data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-20531 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/CONSTRICTIVE-300x174.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/CONSTRICTIVE-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/CONSTRICTIVE-1024x592.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/CONSTRICTIVE-768x444.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/CONSTRICTIVE.jpg 1075w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><\/div>\n<div data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>(ii)<\/strong><\/span> <strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e (Destructive Plate Margin)<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<div data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-20533 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/DESTRUCTIVE-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/DESTRUCTIVE-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/DESTRUCTIVE-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/DESTRUCTIVE-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/DESTRUCTIVE.jpg 1075w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div>\n<div data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>(iii)<\/strong><\/span> <b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e (Conservative\/Transform Plate Margin)<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<div data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\n<div data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-20535 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/CONSERVATIVE-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/CONSERVATIVE-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/CONSERVATIVE-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/CONSERVATIVE-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/CONSERVATIVE.jpg 1075w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><u style=\"color: #993300; font-size: 14pt;\"><b>\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/b><\/u><b style=\"color: #993300; font-size: 14pt;\">\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/b><\/div>\n<div data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>Driving Forces of Plate Tectonics<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u092c \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/b><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0964 <\/b><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(i) \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0917\u0924\u093f\/ Rotational Force of the Earth, <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(ii) \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0935\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0932\/ Buoyant Force, <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(iii) \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e 45\u00b0 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \/Gravitational Force and Plate Retreat at 45\u00b0, <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(iv) \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0932 \/Tidal Force of the Sun and the Moon, <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(v) \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\/ Convection Currents \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\"> \u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 3 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/b><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0964<\/b><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">(i) \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0917\u0924\u093f\/ Constructive Plate Movement-<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">(ii) \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0917\u0924\u093f\/ Destructive Plate Movement-<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">(iii) \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0917\u0924\u093f\/ Conservative Plate Movement-<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f<\/b> \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \/Mechanism of Plate Movement<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0909\u0920\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e\/\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0915\u092e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0941\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u201c\u092c\u0947\u0928\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u091c\u094b\u0928\u201d Benioff Zone<\/span>\u00a0\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948-<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\n<div class=\"separator\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-UMsdB56N8X8\/YM6_25bLEBI\/AAAAAAAAFvI\/S2l0OgNWDSw6aZYZjHpQBBvavMrMZLwxACLcBGAsYHQ\/w350-h400\/IMG_20210620_093756.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"400\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"720\" data-original-width=\"629\" \/><b><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #660000;\" data-keep-original-tag=\"false\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #660000;\" data-keep-original-tag=\"false\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">Evidence Supporting the Plate Tectonic Theory <\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948-<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\" data-keep-original-tag=\"false\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">1. \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0916\u0940\/ Volcano:<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&#8211;<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\" data-keep-original-tag=\"false\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">2. \u092d\u0942\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\/ Earthquake:<\/span>&#8211; <\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u092d\u0942\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0942\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/b><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0964<\/b><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> \u092f\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">3.<\/span>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\" data-keep-original-tag=\"false\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0924\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0935\/ Seafloor Spreading and Palaeomagnetism:-<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0924\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0924\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0915\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\" data-keep-original-tag=\"false\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><b>4. <\/b><\/span><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\" data-keep-original-tag=\"false\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\u092d\u0942\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928\/ Solving Geological Problems:-<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u092d\u0942\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f, \u092d\u0942\u0915\u0902\u092a, \u092d\u0942\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0932\u0928, \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0916\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0928, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0924\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0935, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093e\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><u><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\" data-keep-original-tag=\"false\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\/Criticism:<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0909\u092a\u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0908 \u0916\u093e\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u00a0 <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(i) \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(ii) \u0939\u0949\u091f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0949\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(iii) \u0915\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0928\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u091c\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><b>(iv) \u092c\u0947\u0928\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u091c\u094b\u0928\u00a0\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(v) \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948? \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(vi) \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 (opposite) \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0964<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(vii) \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- \u0938\u0947\u0930\u093e \u0921\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0930 (Serra do Mar) \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924 (\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0940\u0932), \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924 (\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e), \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c (\u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e) \u0906\u0926\u093f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0930\u0928\u094d \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>(viii) \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u091f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0915\/Sink) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><b>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u092d\u0942\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092d\u0942\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/b><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<div data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\">\n<p data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff0000;\"><b>Read More:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a5%82-%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%83%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9e%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8\/\">\u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #ff00ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/origin-of-the-earth\/\">\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940\u00a0 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f (<\/a><a style=\"color: #ff00ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/origin-of-the-earth\/\">Origin Of The Earth<\/a>)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #993300;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a3%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b6%e0%a4%bf\/\">\u0915\u093e\u0923\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e (Kant&#8217;s Gaseous Hyphothesis)<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be\/\">\u0932\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e (Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace)<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b8-%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af\/\">\u091c\u0947\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e (Tidal Hypothesis of James Jeans)<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%b2-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%88%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%95\/\">\u0930\u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0948\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e (Binary Star Hypothesis of Russell)<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%97-%e0%a4%ac%e0%a5%88%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%97\/\">\u092c\u093f\u0917 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\/\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924-\u091c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0932\u0948\u092e\u0947\u0923\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/2-internal-structure-of-the-earth\/\"><strong>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/a> (<a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/2-internal-structure-of-the-earth\/\"><strong>Internal Structure of The Earth<\/strong><\/a>)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/geosyncline-orogen-theory-kober\/\"><strong>\u092d\u0941\u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094b\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924- \u0915\u094b\u092c\u0930 (GEOSYNCLINE OROGEN THEORY- KOBER)<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><a style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/convection-current-theory-of-holmes\/\"><strong>\u0939\u094b\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 (<\/strong><\/a><strong><a style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/convection-current-theory-of-holmes\/\">Convection Current Theory of Holmes<\/a>)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/isostasy\/\"><strong>\u092d\u0942\u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \/\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f (<\/strong><\/a><strong><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/isostasy\/\">ISOSTASY<\/a>)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><a style=\"color: #008000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/continental-drift-theory\/\"><strong>\u0935\u0947\u0917\u0928\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\/Continental Drift Theory<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><a style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/plate-tectonic-theory\/\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\/ Plate Tectonic Theory<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><a style=\"color: #003366;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/sea-floor-spreading-theory\/\"><strong>\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0924\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\/Sea Floor Spreading Theory<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\"><a style=\"color: #993366;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/volcano\/\"><strong>\u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 (<\/strong><\/a><strong><a style=\"color: #993366;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/volcano\/\">Volcanism<\/a>)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/topography-created-by-volcanic-action\/\"><strong>\u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f(<\/strong><\/a><strong><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/topography-created-by-volcanic-action\/\">Volcanic Landforms <\/a>)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/earthquake\/\"><strong>\u092d\u0942\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a (<\/strong><\/a><strong><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/earthquake\/\">Earthquake<\/a>)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/earthquake-region-in-india\/\"><strong style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (<\/strong><\/a><strong style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/earthquake-region-in-india\/\">Earthquake Region in India<\/a>)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/normal-cycle-of-erosion\/\">\u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/a> (CYCLE OF EROSION)- By- W.M. DEVIS<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/river-landforms\/\"><strong>\u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f (<\/strong><\/a><strong><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/river-landforms\/\">River Landforms<\/a>)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><a style=\"color: #008000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/glacial-process-and-landforms\/\"><strong>\u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0941\u092a (GLACIAL PROCESS AND LANDFORMS)<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><a style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/arid-topography\/\"><strong>\u092a\u0935\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\/\u0936\u0941\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\/Arid Topography<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><a style=\"color: #003366;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/karst-topography\/\"><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \/Karst Topography<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\"><a style=\"color: #993366;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/coastal-topography\/\"><strong>\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u091f\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \/ Coastal Topography<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/applied-geomorphology\/\"><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\/Applied Geomorphology<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/peneplain\/\"><strong>\u0938\u092e\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928 (<\/strong><\/a><strong><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/peneplain\/\">Peneplain<\/a>)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; color: #0000ff;\"><strong style=\"text-align: center;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a5%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%83%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf\/\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%83%e0%a4%b6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%be\/\">&#8220;\u092d\u0942\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964&#8221; \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-original-attrs=\"{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; color: #008000;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #008000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%a1%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b8-%e0%a4%94%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%95\/\">\u0921\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0947\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%95-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0\/\">\u092a\u0947\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #003366;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%8f%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%a8\/\">\u0905\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 (Weathering and Erosion)<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #800080;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%9f%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82\/\">\u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 (Rocks and its Types)<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/endogenetic-and-exogenetic-forces\/\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0924 \u092c\u0932 (Endogenetic and Exogenetic Forces)<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/theory-of-morphogenic\/\">\u090f\u0932. \u0938\u0940. \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924 (<\/a><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/theory-of-morphogenic\/\">The Theory of Morphogenic Evolution Propunded By L. C. King<\/a><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/theory-of-morphogenic\/\">)<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Plate Tectonic Theory (\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924) Plate Tectonic Theory \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u21d2 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0942-\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u092d\u0942\u0915\u0902\u092a, \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0917\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[41,72],"tags":[96],"class_list":["post-6739","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-geomorphology","category-pg-semester-1","tag-geomorphology"],"acf":{"test_duration":60,"q1_question":"","q1_option_a":"","q1_option_b":"","q1_option_c":"","q1_option_d":"","q1_correct":"","q1_explanation":"","q2_question":"","q2_option_a":"","q2_option_b":"","q2_option_c":"","q2_option_d":"","q2_correct":"","q2_explanation":"","q3_question":"","q3_option_a":"","q3_option_b":"","q3_option_c":"","q3_option_d":"","q3_correct":"","q3_explanation":"","q4_question":"","q4_option_a":"","q4_option_b":"","q4_option_c":"","q4_option_d":"","q4_correct":"","q4_explanation":"","q5_question":"","q5_option_a":"","q5_option_b":"","q5_option_c":"","q5_option_d":"","q5_correct":"","q5_explanation":"","q6_question":"","q6_option_a":"","q6_option_b":"","q6_option_c":"","q6_option_d":"","q6_correct":"","q6_explanation":"","q7_question":"","q7_option_a":"","q7_option_b":"","q7_option_c":"","q7_option_d":"","q7_correct":"","q7_explanation":"","q8_question":"","q8_option_a":"","q8_option_b":"","q8_option_c":"","q8_option_d":"","q8_correct":"","q8_explanation":"","q9_question":"","q9_option_a":"","q9_option_b":"","q9_option_c":"","q9_option_d":"","q9_correct":"","q9_explanation":"","q10_question":"","q10_option_a":"","q10_option_b":"","q10_option_c":"","q10_option_d":"","q10_correct":"","q10_explanation":"","q11_question":"","q11_option_a":"","q11_option_b":"","q11_option_c":"","q11_option_d":"","q11_correct":"","q11_explanation":"","q12_question":"","q12_option_a":"","q12_option_b":"","q12_option_c":"","q12_option_d":"","q12_correct":"","q12_explanation":"","q13_question":"","q13_option_a":"","q13_option_b":"","q13_option_c":"","q13_option_d":"","q13_correct":"","q13_explanation":"","q14_question":"","q14_option_a":"","q14_option_b":"","q14_option_c":"","q14_option_d":"","q14_correct":"","q14_explanation":"","q15_question":"","q15_option_a":"","q15_option_b":"","q15_option_c":"","q15_option_d":"","q15_correct":"","q15_explanation":"","q16_question":"","q16_option_a":"","q16_option_b":"","q16_option_c":"","q16_option_d":"","q16_correct":"","q16_explanation":"","q17_question":"","q17_option_a":"","q17_option_b":"","q17_option_c":"","q17_option_d":"","q17_correct":"","q17_explanation":"","q18_question":"","q18_option_a":"","q18_option_b":"","q18_option_c":"","q18_option_d":"","q18_correct":"","q18_explanation":"","q19_question":"","q19_option_a":"","q19_option_b":"","q19_option_c":"","q19_option_d":"","q19_correct":"","q19_explanation":"","q20_question":"","q20_option_a":"","q20_option_b":"","q20_option_c":"","q20_option_d":"","q20_correct":"","q20_explanation":"","q21_question":"","q21_option_a":"","q21_option_b":"","q21_option_c":"","q21_option_d":"","q21_correct":"","q21_explanation":"","q22_question":"","q22_option_a":"","q22_option_b":"","q22_option_c":"","q22_option_d":"","q22_correct":"","q22_explanation":"","q23_question":"","q23_option_a":"","q23_option_b":"","q23_option_c":"","q23_option_d":"","q23_correct":"","q23_explanation":"","q24_question":"","q24_option_a":"","q24_option_b":"","q24_option_c":"","q24_option_d":"","q24_correct":"","q24_explanation":"","q25_question":"","q25_option_a":"","q25_option_b":"","q25_option_c":"","q25_option_d":"","q25_correct":"","q25_explanation":"","q26_question":"","q26_option_a":"","q26_option_b":"","q26_option_c":"","q26_option_d":"","q26_correct":"","q26_explanation":"","q27_question":"","q27_option_a":"","q27_option_b":"","q27_option_c":"","q27_option_d":"","q27_correct":"","q27_explanation":"","q28_question":"","q28_option_a":"","q28_option_b":"","q28_option_c":"","q28_option_d":"","q28_correct":"","q28_explanation":"","q29_question":"","q29_option_a":"","q29_option_b":"","q29_option_c":"","q29_option_d":"","q29_correct":"","q29_explanation":"","q30_question":"","q30_option_a":"","q30_option_b":"","q30_option_c":"","q30_option_d":"","q30_correct":"","q30_explanation":"","q31_question":"","q31_option_a":"","q31_option_b":"","q31_option_c":"","q31_option_d":"","q31_correct":"","q31_explanation":"","q32_question":"","q32_option_a":"","q32_option_b":"","q32_option_c":"","q32_option_d":"","q32_correct":"","q32_explanation":"","q33_question":"","q33_option_a":"","q33_option_b":"","q33_option_c":"","q33_option_d":"","q33_correct":"","q33_explanation":"","q34_question":"","q34_option_a":"","q34_option_b":"","q34_option_c":"","q34_option_d":"","q34_correct":"","q34_explanation":"","q35_question":"","q35_option_a":"","q35_option_b":"","q35_option_c":"","q35_option_d":"","q35_correct":"","q35_explanation":"","q36_question":"","q36_option_a":"","q36_option_b":"","q36_option_c":"","q36_option_d":"","q36_correct":"","q36_explanation":"","q37_question":"","q37_option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