{"id":22478,"date":"2026-10-25T15:44:58","date_gmt":"2026-10-25T10:14:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/?p=22478"},"modified":"2026-10-25T15:57:56","modified_gmt":"2026-10-25T10:27:56","slug":"technological-and-institutional-factors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/technological-and-institutional-factors\/","title":{"rendered":"12. Technological and Institutional Factors Affecting Indian Agriculture | \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n
\n

Technological and Institutional Factors Affecting Indian Agriculture<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Introduction | \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Agriculture is one of the most important economic activities in India. It provides food, raw materials for industries and employment to a large section of the population. The development of Indian agriculture depends on both technological and institutional factors. Technological factors include irrigation, improved seeds, fertilizers, machinery and modern farming methods, whereas institutional factors include land reforms, land ownership, credit facilities, agricultural policies and marketing systems.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u092c\u0940\u091c, \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930, \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935, \u090b\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0923\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

Meaning of Technological Factors | \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Technological factors refer to the scientific methods, tools, equipment and innovations used to improve agricultural production and productivity. These factors help farmers increase crop yields, reduce labour requirements and use agricultural resources more efficiently.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0928 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902, \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u091c \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

Technological Factors Affecting Indian Agriculture | \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/p>\n

(i) Irrigation Facilities | \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901-<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Irrigation is essential for agriculture, particularly in regions where rainfall is insufficient or irregular. Canals, tube wells, wells, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation help provide water to crops. Improved irrigation reduces dependence on the monsoon and supports multiple cropping. However, excessive groundwater extraction may lead to a decline in the water table.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0939\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0928\u0932\u0915\u0942\u092a, \u0915\u0941\u090f\u0901, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0915\u0932\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092b\u0938\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0901\u0915\u093f, \u092d\u0942\u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0932\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0917\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) High-Yielding Variety (HYV) Seeds | \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0909\u092a\u091c \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091c<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0High-yielding variety seeds have played an important role in increasing agricultural production in India. When used with adequate irrigation, fertilizers and proper crop management, these seeds can produce higher yields than many traditional varieties. They contributed significantly to the Green Revolution, particularly in wheat and rice production.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(iii) Fertilizers and Pesticides | \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0940\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Chemical fertilizers supply essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to crops. Pesticides help control insects, weeds and plant diseases. Their balanced and scientific use can improve crop productivity. However, excessive or improper use may cause soil degradation, water pollution and harm to beneficial organisms.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u092b\u0949\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u0930\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094b\u091f\u0948\u0936\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0940\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0902, \u0916\u0930\u092a\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0935\u091f, \u091c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(iv) Agricultural Mechanisation | \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Agricultural mechanisation involves the use of tractors, harvesters, seed drills, threshers and other machines. These machines reduce the time and labour required for agricultural operations and help complete sowing and harvesting on time. However, small and fragmented landholdings may make the purchase of costly machinery difficult for many farmers.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u0940\u0921 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0932, \u0925\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0916\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u091c\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u0940 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(v) Modern Agricultural Practices | \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Modern agricultural practices include crop rotation, multiple cropping, intercropping, precision farming and integrated pest management. These practices help improve soil fertility, manage pests and use land and water efficiently. Their adoption depends on farmers\u2019 knowledge, financial resources and access to agricultural guidance.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930, \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092b\u0938\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f, \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947, \u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(vi) Weather Forecasting and Digital Technology | \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Weather forecasting, mobile applications, satellite imagery, remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS) provide useful information about rainfall, soil conditions, crop health and agricultural risks. These technologies help farmers plan sowing, irrigation and harvesting. However, limited digital literacy and poor internet access may restrict their use in some rural areas.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (GIS) \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0908, \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0901\u0915\u093f, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(vii) Storage and Transport Technology | \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Scientific storage facilities, cold storage, refrigerated transport and improved rural roads help reduce post-harvest losses. These facilities are especially important for perishable products such as fruits, vegetables, milk and flowers. Better transport and storage also help farmers reach distant markets and obtain better prices.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0936\u0940\u0924\u0917\u0943\u0939, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0938\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092b\u0932, \u0938\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0926\u0942\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u091c \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

Meaning of Institutional Factors | \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Institutional factors refer to the laws, policies, organisations and social-economic arrangements that influence agricultural activities. They determine access to land, credit, markets, subsidies, insurance and other agricultural services. These factors influence farmers\u2019 investment decisions, production methods and income.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915-\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f, \u090b\u0923, \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0921\u0940, \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

Institutional Factors Affecting Indian Agriculture | \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(i) Land Ownership and Land Tenure | \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0942-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Land ownership determines who has the right to use and manage agricultural land. Secure ownership may encourage farmers to invest in irrigation, soil improvement and farm infrastructure. In contrast, uncertain tenancy arrangements can discourage long-term investment. In India, differences in land ownership and tenancy conditions influence agricultural productivity.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940: \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908, \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924, \u0915\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0924\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) Land Reforms | \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Land reforms refer to measures taken to improve the distribution and management of agricultural land. In India, major land reform measures have included the abolition of intermediaries, tenancy reforms, ceilings on landholdings and consolidation of fragmented holdings. Their implementation has varied across states. Effective land reforms can improve access to land, strengthen farmers\u2019 rights and support agricultural development.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0928, \u0915\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930, \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0916\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u091c\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u0915\u092c\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(iii) Size and Fragmentation of Landholdings | \u091c\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 The size and distribution of landholdings significantly affect agricultural operations. Small and fragmented holdings may make mechanisation, irrigation management and the adoption of modern technology more difficult. They may also increase production costs. Cooperative farming, land consolidation and the use of custom-hiring centres can help address some of these problems.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u091c\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0916\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u091c\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940, \u091a\u0915\u092c\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(iv) Agricultural Credit | \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u090b\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Agricultural credit provides farmers with funds to purchase seeds, fertilisers, machinery and other inputs. Institutional sources of credit include commercial banks, cooperative banks and Regional Rural Banks. The Kisan Credit Card scheme also facilitates access to agricultural credit. Timely and affordable loans can reduce dependence on informal moneylenders and support investment in farming.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u090b\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0940\u091c, \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915, \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0927\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u090b\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915, \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u090b\u0923 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091c \u0926\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u090b\u0923 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094c\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u0942\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(v) Minimum Support Price (MSP) | \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Minimum Support Price is a policy instrument through which the government announces support prices for selected crops. It aims to protect farmers against a sharp fall in market prices. Its effectiveness depends on procurement arrangements, access to purchasing centres and the crops and regions covered by actual procurement.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f (MSP) \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(vi) Agricultural Marketing | \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0923\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Agricultural marketing includes the collection, grading, storage, transportation and sale of agricultural produce. Regulated markets, cooperatives, farmer-producer organisations and electronic trading platforms can improve market access. Better marketing facilities reduce the role of unnecessary intermediaries and help farmers obtain more remunerative prices. However, inadequate infrastructure and limited market information may reduce farmers\u2019 bargaining power.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0923\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0909\u092a\u091c \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0923\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u0932\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(vii) Government Policies and Subsidies | \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0921\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Government policies influence agricultural production through subsidies on inputs, irrigation programmes, rural infrastructure development, crop diversification initiatives and income-support measures. These policies can reduce production costs and encourage the adoption of improved farming practices. Their benefits depend on effective implementation and fair access for eligible farmers.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0921\u0940, \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938, \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(viii) Crop Insurance | \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Crop insurance protects farmers against specified losses caused by events such as drought, floods, cyclones and certain other crop-related risks, subject to the terms of the scheme. It can reduce financial uncertainty and help farmers recover from adverse conditions. Awareness, timely claim settlement and accessible enrolment procedures are important for its effectiveness.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0916\u093e, \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c, \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092c\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0942\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(ix) Agricultural Extension Services | \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Agricultural extension services connect farmers with scientific knowledge, improved practices and government programmes. Agricultural universities, Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) and extension workers provide training and technical guidance. These services help farmers understand new technologies, manage pests and improve productivity.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 (KVK) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0908 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947, \u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(x) Cooperative Farming and Farmer-Producer Organisations | \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Cooperative farming and Farmer-Producer Organisations (FPOs) help farmers work collectively to purchase inputs, access credit, use machinery and market their produce. Collective action can reduce costs and strengthen bargaining power, particularly for small and marginal farmers. Their success depends on effective management, trust and access to markets.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 (FPOs) \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0928\u0947, \u090b\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947, \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u092a\u091c \u092c\u0947\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u0932\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u0906\u092a\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

Relationship Between Technological and Institutional Factors | \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Technological and institutional factors are closely interrelated. Modern technology alone cannot ensure agricultural development if farmers lack credit, secure land rights, market access or technical guidance. Similarly, good policies and credit facilities may not increase productivity sufficiently without suitable seeds, irrigation and modern farming methods.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 For example, a farmer may benefit from high-yielding seeds only when irrigation, fertilisers, credit and market facilities are available. Therefore, agricultural development requires the coordinated improvement of both technological and institutional conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u090b\u0923, \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092f\u093e \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0940\u091c, \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090b\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0909\u092a\u091c \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908, \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915, \u090b\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/a> | \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Indian agriculture is influenced by a combination of technological and institutional factors. Irrigation, improved seeds, fertilisers, mechanisation and digital technology can raise productivity, while land reforms, agricultural credit, government policies, crop insurance and marketing institutions create a supportive environment for farmers. Balanced development of both sets of factors is essential for increasing agricultural productivity, improving farmers\u2019 incomes and ensuring long-term sustainability.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u092c\u0940\u091c, \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915, \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u090b\u0923, \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0923\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Technological and Institutional Factors Affecting Indian Agriculture \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 Introduction | \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u00a0 \u00a0 Agriculture is one of the most important economic activities in India. It provides food, raw materials for industries and employment to a large section of the population. The development of Indian agriculture depends 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