{"id":22474,"date":"2026-10-25T14:38:35","date_gmt":"2026-10-25T09:08:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/?p=22474"},"modified":"2026-10-25T15:16:06","modified_gmt":"2026-10-25T09:46:06","slug":"himalayan-cryosphere","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/himalayan-cryosphere\/","title":{"rendered":"11. Best Himalayan Cryosphere (\u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930): Meaning, Components, Importance and Climate Change | \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925, \u0918\u091f\u0915, \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n
\n

Himalayan Cryosphere <\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Introduction | \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The Himalayan cryosphere<\/a> refers to all forms of frozen water found in the Himalayan region, including glaciers, snow cover, ice, and permafrost. It plays a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance of the Himalayas and supplying freshwater to millions of people living downstream.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u092e\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926, \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

Meaning of Himalayan Cryosphere | \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The term cryosphere is derived from the Greek word kryos, meaning cold or frost. It includes the parts of the Earth’s surface where water exists in frozen form. In the Himalayas, the cryosphere is mainly represented by glaciers, seasonal snow, ice fields, and permafrost.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 “Kryos” \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0920\u0902\u0921 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u0932 \u0939\u093f\u092e \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926, \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

Major Components of the Himalayan Cryosphere | \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(i) Glaciers | \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Glaciers are large masses of ice formed by the accumulation, compaction, and recrystallisation of snow over long periods. They move slowly under the influence of gravity and release meltwater into rivers.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u092e\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947, \u0926\u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947-\u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

Examples: Gangotri Glacier (\u0917\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926), Siachen Glacier ()\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926 and Zemu Glacier (\u091c\u0947\u092e\u0942 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926).<\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) Snow Cover | \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Snow cover refers to the layer of snow lying on the Earth’s surface. In the Himalayas, snowfall occurs mainly at higher elevations during winter and in certain areas during the summer monsoon.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u0940\u0924 \u090b\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Snow cover influences surface temperature, river runoff and the availability of water during different seasons.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u090b\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(iii) Permafrost | \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Permafrost is ground that remains at or below 0\u00b0C for at least two consecutive years. It may contain soil, rocks, ice and organic matter.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f (Permafrost) \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u092e-\u0938\u0947-\u0915\u092e \u0926\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 0\u00b0C \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940, \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902, \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 When permafrost thaws, the ground may become unstable, increasing the risk of slope failure and other mountain hazards.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u091c\u092c \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0922\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(iv) Ice and Frozen Lakes | \u0939\u093f\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u091d\u0940\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Ice occurs in glaciers, frozen water bodies and other cold environments. In high-altitude Himalayan areas, lakes may freeze during winter. Changes in temperature can affect the formation and melting of ice.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u094b\u0902, \u091c\u092e\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0936\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0940\u0924 \u090b\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u091d\u0940\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u091c\u092e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

Distribution of the Himalayan Cryosphere | \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The Himalayan cryosphere is distributed unevenly according to altitude, latitude, slope direction and climatic conditions. Large glaciers and extensive snow cover are generally found in high-altitude areas where temperatures remain low.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908, \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0902\u0936, \u0922\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0928 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u092e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Important glacier regions include the Karakoram, western Himalayas, central Himalayas and eastern Himalayas. The extent and characteristics of glaciers differ from one region to another.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0915\u094b\u0930\u092e, \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
Importance of the Himalayan Cryosphere | \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

(i) Source of Freshwater | \u092e\u0940\u0920\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Glaciers and snow act as natural water reservoirs. Their meltwater contributes to the flow of major river systems originating in the Himalayan region.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0936\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u0932 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) River Flow Regulation | \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Seasonal snowmelt and glacier melt help maintain river flows, particularly during periods when rainfall is limited. However, the contribution varies between rivers and seasons.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u0932 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0901\u0915\u093f, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u090b\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(iii) Agriculture and Irrigation | \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Meltwater supports irrigation and agricultural activities in many downstream regions. Changes in the timing and quantity of meltwater can affect agricultural water availability.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u091c\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(iv) Hydroelectric Power | \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Himalayan rivers provide opportunities for hydroelectric power generation. Reliable river flows are important for the planning and operation of hydropower projects.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(v) Ecological Balance | \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 The cryosphere influences mountain ecosystems, biodiversity and the availability of water for plants, animals and human communities.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902, \u091c\u0940\u0935-\u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

Himalayan Cryosphere and Climate Change | \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Climate change is increasing temperatures in many high-altitude areas. This contributes to glacier mass loss, changes in snowfall patterns, reduced snow cover in some areas and thawing of permafrost.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b-\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940, \u0939\u093f\u092e\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0A 2026 assessment by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) reported an overall 12% reduction in glacier area across the Hindu Kush Himalaya between 1990 and 2020, although changes vary across the region.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n
\n
\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 (ICIMOD) \u0915\u0947 2026 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, 1990 \u0938\u0947 2020 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942\u0915\u0941\u0936 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 12% \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0901\u0915\u093f, \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Major Impacts | \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(i) Glacier retreat-<\/strong><\/span> \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u0928\u093e: The size and mass of glaciers decline when ice loss exceeds ice accumulation.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u091c\u092c \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) Changes in river flow-<\/strong><\/span> \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928: Changes in snowmelt and glacier melt may affect seasonal water availability.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u090b\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(iii) Glacial lake outburst floods-<\/span><\/strong> \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u0940\u092f \u091d\u0940\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c: The sudden release of water from a glacial lake can cause destructive downstream flooding.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u0940\u092f \u091d\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0906 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(iv) Slope instability- <\/span><\/strong>\u0922\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e: Thawing frozen ground can contribute to landslides and other slope-related hazards.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u091c\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0916\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0922\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0916\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(v) Ecosystem changes-<\/span><\/strong><\/span> \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928: Changes in snow and ice affect mountain habitats and the species that depend on them.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0939\u093f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
Conservation and Management | \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The Himalayan cryosphere can be protected indirectly by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, monitoring glaciers and snow cover, improving early-warning systems and managing water resources sustainably.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940, \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Scientific research, satellite observation and cooperation among Himalayan countries are also important for understanding cryospheric changes and reducing disaster risks.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
Conclusion | \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/mark><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The Himalayan cryosphere<\/a> is a vital component of the Earth’s climate and water systems. It supports river flows, agriculture, ecosystems and human livelihoods. However, climate change is altering glaciers, snow cover and permafrost, creating challenges for water security and disaster management. Its long-term monitoring, scientific study and sustainable management are essential for the future of the Himalayan region.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f, \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0906\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u094b\u0902, \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Himalayan Cryosphere \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930 Introduction | \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The Himalayan cryosphere refers to all forms of frozen water found in the Himalayan region, including glaciers, snow cover, ice, and permafrost. 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