{"id":22154,"date":"2026-09-29T14:55:18","date_gmt":"2026-09-29T09:25:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/?p=22154"},"modified":"2026-10-04T20:32:18","modified_gmt":"2026-10-04T15:02:18","slug":"fundamental-concepts-of-geomorphology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/fundamental-concepts-of-geomorphology\/","title":{"rendered":"1. Best Fundamental Concepts of Geomorphology | \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901"},"content":{"rendered":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #00ffe1;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ff0000; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ff0000;\">Fundamental Concepts of Geomorphology<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;\">\u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-22160 \" src=\"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Fundamental-Concepts-of-Geomorphology-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Fundamental Concepts of Geomorphology\" width=\"290\" height=\"193\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Fundamental-Concepts-of-Geomorphology-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Fundamental-Concepts-of-Geomorphology-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Fundamental-Concepts-of-Geomorphology-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Fundamental-Concepts-of-Geomorphology.jpg 1075w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u092d\u0942-<\/span>\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 (Geomorphology) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 (Landforms) \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0W. D. Thornbury<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 <em>Principles of Geomorphology<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0942-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 (Landscapes) \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 <strong>\u0926\u0938 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0913\u0902 (Ten Fundamental Concepts)<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u092d\u0942\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; background-color: #ffff00;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. \u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e | Concept of Uniformitarianism<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 The physical processes and laws operating today have also operated throughout geological time, although they have not always acted with the same intensity. Thus, present-day geomorphic processes can be used to understand the evolution of past landscapes. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 This concept is associated with the principle of <\/span><strong style=\"color: #000000;\">Uniformitarianism<\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">. Hutton formulated the basic idea, Playfair restated it, and Lyell popularised it. Thornbury modified the simple idea of uniformity by emphasizing that the <\/span><strong style=\"color: #000000;\">intensity of processes may vary through geological time<\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0906\u091c \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092d\u0942\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e (Intensity)<\/strong> \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0942-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e <strong>\u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 (Uniformitarianism)<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0947\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u0939\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u092b\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u092f\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964 Thornbury \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930- <\/span><\/strong><span style=\"background-color: #ff00ff;\"><strong style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; background-color: #ff00ff;\">\u201cThe Present is the Key to the Past.\u201d <\/strong><strong style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; background-color: #ff00ff;\">\u201c\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-<\/strong> \u0906\u091c \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0918\u093e\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0925\u0940\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; background-color: #ffff00;\">2. \u092d\u0942\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948 | Geological Structure as a Dominant Control Factor<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Geological structure is a major controlling factor in the evolution of landforms and its influence is reflected in the landscape. In geomorphology, structure is used in a broad sense. It includes rock type, lithology, bedding, joints, faults, folds, rock hardness, permeability, chemical resistance and the arrangement of geological strata. Differences in these characteristics influence the development and form of landforms.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u092d\u0942\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e (Geological Structure)<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092d\u0942-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 <strong>\u0935\u0932\u0928 (Folds), \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0936 (Faults) \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Unconformities)<\/strong> \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u0932\u093f\u0925\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 (Lithology), \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Joints), \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e (Permeability), \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0948\u0932-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u2192 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0922\u093e\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u091f\u0915<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u2192 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0936 \u2192 fault scarp \u090f\u0935\u0902 linear valley<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0935\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u2192 ridge-and-valley topography<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; background-color: #ffff00;\">3. \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 | Differential Rates of Geomorphic Processes<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0To a large degree, the relief of the Earth&#8217;s surface exists because geomorphic processes operate at different rates. Rocks differ in lithology and structure and therefore offer different degrees of resistance to weathering, erosion and other gradational processes. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Local conditions such as temperature, moisture, altitude, exposure, vegetation and topographic position also influence the rate of geomorphic activity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 <strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0935\u091a (Relief)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0930\u094b\u0902 (Differential Rates)<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0925\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0928\u092e\u0940, \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908, \u0922\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e, \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #993366; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u090a\u0901\u091a-\u0928\u0940\u091a \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u2192 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u0915\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u2192 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; background-color: #ffff00;\">4. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 | Distinctive Imprint of Geomorphic Processes<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Geomorphic processes leave distinctive imprints on landforms. Each process tends to produce a characteristic assemblage of landforms. Endogenic processes include tectonism and volcanism, while exogenic processes include weathering, mass wasting and erosion. Recognition of these distinctive landforms makes it possible to understand their origin and classify them genetically.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 (Distinctive Imprint)<\/strong> \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Endogenic Processes)<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092c\u0939\u093f\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Exogenic Processes)<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f, \u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923 (Mass Wasting) \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 288px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 38.9978%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #0000ff; height: 48px; text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.9296%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #0000ff; height: 48px; text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 38.9978%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #0000ff; height: 48px; text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0928\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (Fluvial)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.9296%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #0000ff; height: 48px; text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt;\">Floodplain, Alluvial Fan, Delta, Meander<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 38.9978%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #0000ff; height: 48px; text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt;\">\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u091c\u0932 (Groundwater)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.9296%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #0000ff; height: 48px; text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt;\">Sinkhole, Cave, Cavern<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 38.9978%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #0000ff; height: 48px; text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (Glacial)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.9296%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #0000ff; height: 48px; text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt;\">Moraine, Drumlin, Cirque<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 38.9978%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #0000ff; height: 48px; text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u0935\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (Aeolian)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.9296%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #0000ff; height: 48px; text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt;\">Sand Dune, Yardang<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 38.9978%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #0000ff; height: 48px; text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (Marine)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.9296%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #0000ff; height: 48px; text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt;\">Sea Cliff, Wave-cut Platform<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e <strong>Genetic Classification of Landforms (\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915\/\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923)<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; background-color: #ffff00;\">5. \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 | Sequential Development of Landforms<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 As different erosional agents operate upon the Earth&#8217;s surface, they produce an orderly sequence of landforms with distinctive characteristics at successive stages of development. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0This idea is closely associated with the <strong>geomorphic cycle<\/strong> and was strongly emphasized by W. M. Davis. The stages are commonly described as youth, maturity and old age, although the duration and detailed expression of these stages are not necessarily identical everywhere.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 <strong>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a (Sequential and Systematic Development)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 <strong>\u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 (Geomorphic Cycle)<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 W. M. Davis \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 <strong>\u092f\u094c\u0935\u0928 (Youth), \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e (Maturity) \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e (Old Age)<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #993366; font-size: 14pt;\">\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u093e\u0924:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092d\u0942\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Geomorphic Cycle<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Initial Surface \u2192 Youth \u2192 Maturity \u2192 Old Age<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u2192 \u092f\u094c\u0935\u0928 \u2192 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u2192 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; background-color: #ffff00;\">6. \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 | Complexity of Geomorphic Evolution<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Complexity of geomorphic evolution is more common than simplicity. Most landscapes cannot be explained adequately by assuming the operation of only one geomorphic process or one erosion cycle. Different processes may operate successively or simultaneously, while remnants of earlier cycles may survive within the present landscape.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0942-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u0942-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt; background-color: #008000;\">\u092d\u0942-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>1. Simple Landscape<\/strong> &#8211; \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>2. Compound Landscape<\/strong> &#8211; \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>3. Monocyclic Landscape<\/strong> &#8211; \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u093e\u092a \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u0942-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>4. Multicyclic Landscape<\/strong> &#8211; \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0942-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>5. Exhumed\/Resurrected Landscape<\/strong> &#8211; \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u092c \u0917\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f, \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0935\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f <strong>Compound Landscape<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; background-color: #ffff00;\">7. \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092d\u0942\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948 | Relative Youthfulness of Earth&#8217;s Topography<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Thornbury emphasized that little of the Earth&#8217;s present topography is older than the Tertiary and that most of the detailed topographic features are no older than the Pleistocene. Very ancient topographic features are considered uncommon; some apparent ancient forms may have been buried and later exposed again as exhumed landscapes. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Thornbury \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0917 <strong>Tertiary<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 <strong>Pleistocene<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0932\u092d \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u093e\u0926 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u092c\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>Exhumed \u092f\u093e Resurrected Landforms<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092d\u0942\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong> Thornbury \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 Thornbury \u0915\u0940 classic formulation \u0939\u0948; \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u0941-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; background-color: #ffff00;\">8. \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u0942-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 Pleistocene \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 | Influence of the Pleistocene on Present Landscapes<\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Proper interpretation of present-day landscapes requires an appreciation of the geological and climatic changes of the Pleistocene. Glaciation, changes in river regimes, changes in sea level, deposition of glacial materials and associated climatic changes left widespread effects on present landscapes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u0942-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0932 (Pleistocene)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0942\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0935\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930-\u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u0942-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square; text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0939\u093f\u092e\u094b\u0922\u093c (Moraines)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0928\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0941\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u091d\u0940\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 (Pluvial Lakes)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u0935\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 <strong>Pleistocene legacy<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; background-color: #ffff00;\">9. \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 | Importance of World Climates<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 An appreciation of world climates is necessary to understand the varying importance of different geomorphic processes. Temperature, precipitation, evaporation, freezing and thawing, wind and vegetation influence the nature and intensity of geomorphic processes. Therefore, the dominant geomorphic processes differ from one climatic region to another. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u091c\u092e\u0928\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u0935\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Humid Climate \u2192 Chemical Weathering \u090f\u0935\u0902 Fluvial Processes<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Arid Climate \u2192 Aeolian Processes<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Glacial Climate \u2192 Glacial Processes<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Periglacial Climate \u2192 Freeze-thaw processes <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; background-color: #ffff00;\">10. \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 | Historical Extension of Geomorphology<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Although geomorphology is primarily concerned with present-day landscapes, its usefulness increases greatly when the study is extended into geological history. Present landscapes may preserve remnants of earlier geomorphic stages and processes. Historical analysis therefore helps reconstruct the evolution of landscapes through time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 <strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u0942-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0924\u092c \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 <strong>\u092d\u0942\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 (Geological History)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u0942-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Historical Approach \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square; text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u092d\u0942-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Paleogeomorphology \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 <strong>Denudation Chronology (\u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>Paleogeomorphology (\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928)<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; background-color: #800000;\">\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 | Conclusion<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Thornbury&#8217;s fundamental concepts provide a conceptual framework for interpreting landforms by relating them to <strong>process, structure, rate, time, climate and geological history<\/strong>. They help the geomorphologist move beyond simple description of landforms toward an understanding of their origin, development and spatial relationships.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Thornbury \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u0948\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930, \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0935, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> W. D. Thornbury, <em>Principles of Geomorphology<\/em>, Chapter 2 \u201cSome Fundamental Concepts\u201d; \u0924\u0925\u093e IGNOU \u0915\u0947 <em>Introduction to Geomorphology<\/em> \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f Thornbury \u0915\u0947 fundamental concepts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; background-color: #ff6600;\">Thornbury&#8217;s Ten Fundamental Concepts &#8211; Quick Revision<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.4917%; height: 575px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6362%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Concept<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.037%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>English<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.1816%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6362%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>1<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.037%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Uniformitarianism<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.1816%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \/ \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6362%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>2<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.037%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Geological Structure<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.1816%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u092d\u0942\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6362%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>3<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.037%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Differential Rates<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.1816%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6362%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>4<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.037%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Distinctive Process Imprint<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.1816%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6362%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>5<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.037%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Sequential Development<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.1816%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6362%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>6<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.037%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Complexity<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.1816%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6362%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>7<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.037%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Youthfulness of Topography<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.1816%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6362%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>8<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.037%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Pleistocene Influence<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.1816%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u0942-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6362%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>9<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.037%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>World Climate<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.1816%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6362%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>10<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.037%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Historical Extension<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.1816%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #007bff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><a style=\"color: #ff00ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=H-Is0oJW8-c&amp;list=PLjaf8T-rDoIE70h4uFrSjTUlzTTEx9tK-&amp;index=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Uniformity<\/a><\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><a style=\"color: #ff00ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/read\/internal-structure-of-the-earth\/\">Structure<\/a><\/span> \u2192 Differential Rate \u2192 Process \u2192 Sequence \u2192 Complexity \u2192 Youth \u2192 Pleistocene \u2192 Climate \u2192 History<\/strong><strong>\u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u2192 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u2192 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0930 \u2192 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2192 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u2192 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u2192 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928\u0924\u093e \u2192 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u2192 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u2192 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fundamental Concepts of Geomorphology \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 (Geomorphology) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 (Landforms) \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0W. D. Thornbury \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 Principles of Geomorphology \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0942-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 (Landscapes) \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0926\u0938 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