{"id":21840,"date":"2026-08-14T14:31:23","date_gmt":"2026-08-14T09:01:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/?p=21840"},"modified":"2026-09-29T13:08:35","modified_gmt":"2026-09-29T07:38:35","slug":"internal-structure-of-the-earth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/internal-structure-of-the-earth\/","title":{"rendered":"Best Internal Structure of the Earth (\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e) | Complete Geography Notes 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n
\n

Internal Structure of The Earth<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

(\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


\n\"Internal<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u093e \u092a\u095c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 (Seismology) \u092f\u093e \u092d\u0942\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 5.5 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u095d\u094b\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u095d\u094b\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 The internal structure of the Earth can be understood mainly through indirect methods. Therefore, much of our knowledge about the Earth’s interior is based on estimation. Seismology, or the study of seismic waves, is considered the most accurate scientific method for understanding the Earth’s internal structure. The study of the Earth’s interior shows that its average density is about 5.5. The density increases continuously from the Earth’s surface towards the centre because the pressure and weight of rocks increase with depth.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u092c\u095d\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u095d\u094b\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 32 \u092e\u0940\u0966 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930 1\u2103\u00a0 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u095d\u094b\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 As a general rule, as pressure increases, temperature also increases. Therefore, the temperature increases by 1\u00b0C for every 32 metres of depth.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u0939\u094b\u0926\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u00a0 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Suess was the first scholar to study the chemical composition of the Earth. He stated that, based on chemical composition, the interior of the Earth can be divided into three layers.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Internal<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(1) \u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0932 (SIAL)\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0928 & \u0905\u0932\u0941\u092e\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 The Earth’s uppermost layer is made of silicon and aluminium.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(2) \u0938\u093f\u092e\u093e (SIMA)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093f\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093f\u092e\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0928 & \u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Suess called the intermediate layer Sima and stated that it is made up of silicon and magnesium.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(3) \u0928\u093f\u092b\u0947 (NIFE)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092b\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0932 & \u0932\u094b\u0939\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 The innermost part of the Earth is called the Nife, and it is made up of nickel and iron.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u092d\u0942\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(Internal Structure of the Earth Based on Seismic Evidence):-<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u092d\u0942\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948-<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Based on seismic evidence, the most scientific study of the Earth’s internal structure is presented. According to this, the Earth is divided into three layers.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1. \u092d\u0942\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092a\u091f\u0940 (Crust)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u092d\u0942-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930 (Mantle)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

3. \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0921 (Core)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

NOTE:<\/strong><\/span>\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u092c, \u0905\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0947\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0940\u091c, \u0917\u0942\u0926\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091b\u093f\u0932\u0915\u093e, \u0905\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u0932, \u092a\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092b\u0947\u0926 \u092d\u093e\u0917, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0921, \u092e\u0948\u0902\u091f\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092a\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 The diagram explains the structures of an apple, egg, and Earth. An apple has seeds, flesh, and skin. An egg consists of the shell, yolk, and albumen (white). Earth has three major layers: core, mantle, and crust. The diagram helps students understand different layers and parts through simple visual comparison.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) \u092d\u0942\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092a\u091f\u0940 (Crust<\/span>):- <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e 0.5% \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e 0.2% Crust \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 33 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0966 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 70 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0966 \u0924\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 5 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0966 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The Crust is the uppermost and thinnest layer of the Earth. It accounts for about 0.5% of the Earth’s total volume and 0.2% of its total mass. Its average thickness is about 33 km. Its maximum thickness is about 70 km beneath continents, while its average thickness in oceanic areas is about 5 km.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0942\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0938\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Layered (sedimentary) rocks are dominant in the crust. However, beneath the sedimentary rocks in continental areas, a layer of granite is found, while basaltic rocks are found in the oceanic crust.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2605 \u092d\u0942\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092a\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 (46.80%), \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0928 (27.72%) \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (8.13%) \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917, \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917, P*, S*, Pg & Sg \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0942\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The chemical composition of the crust shows that oxygen (46.80%), silicon (27.72%), and aluminium (8.13%) are the most abundant elements. It is the Earth\u2019s layer through which seismic waves such as Primary (P), Secondary (S), Surface, P*, S*<\/em>, Pg and Sg waves travel.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u092d\u0942\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092a\u091f\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 (<\/strong><\/span><\/span>The crust is further divided into two parts)<\/strong><\/span>:-\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0942\u092a\u091f\u0932 \/Oceanic Crust<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0942\u092a\u091f\u0932 \/Continental Crust<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0942\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u092e (2.75) \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0942\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 (3.75) \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0942\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u092b\u0941\u0932\u093e\/\u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0942\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u0927\u0901\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0942\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947:- \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0940\u092f \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0920\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0920\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The density of the continental crust is low (2.75), while the density of the oceanic crust is high (3.75). This is why the continental crust is uplifted, whereas the oceanic crust is depressed. The continental crust also contains rocks with different densities. Mountain rocks have the lowest density, followed by plateau rocks, while plain rocks have a higher density.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(2) \u092d\u0942-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0930 (Mantle):- <\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u092d\u0942-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u094b\u0939\u094b \u0905\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 2900 KM \u0924\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e 83% \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e 68% \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092d\u0942\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e (\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u0942\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u00a0 \u0924\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0928 & \u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u0942\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 3 \u0938\u0947 5.5 \u0924\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The thickness of the mantle extends from the Mohorovi\u010di\u0107 Discontinuity (Moho) to a depth of about 2,900 km. It accounts for about 83% of the Earth\u2019s total volume and about 68% of its total mass. Due to its high temperature, it is considered to be in a molten or fluid-like state. In the mantle, primary (P) waves can travel, while secondary (S) waves disappear. The mantle is mainly composed of elements such as silicon and magnesium. Its density is considered to range from about 3 to 5.5.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2605 \u092d\u0942\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092a\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u0939\u094b\u0905\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e (Moho Discontinuty) \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964 A transition zone is found between the crust and mantle, which is called the Moho Discontinuity.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2605 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u092e\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0932\/\u0932\u093f\u0925\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span>The crust and the upper part of the mantle together are called the lithosphere.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

\u2605 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u092e\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u092e\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0932 (Aestheno Sphere) \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u094b\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u092e\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u092e\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u094b\u095c\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u094b\u095c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span>The layer below the lithosphere is called the <\/span>Asthenosphere. Holmes stated that convection currents move within the asthenosphere. These currents are so powerful that they can break and bend the lithosphere.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

(3) \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0921(Core)\/\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0924\u092e:- <\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 -10 \u0938\u0947 13.6 g\/cm3 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e 16% \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e 32% \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0932 & \u0932\u094b\u0939\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0This is the central part of the Earth. Its density is 10 to 13.6 g\/cm\u00b3. The core accounts for about 16% of the total volume and 32% of the total mass of the Earth. The core is the layer of the Earth through which only primary waves (P-waves) pass. It is mainly made up of nickel and iron. Therefore, it is associated with the magnetic properties of the Earth.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0921 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 3471 KM \u0939\u0948\u0964 Mantle \u0914\u0930 Core \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091f\u0947\u0928\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Due to extremely high pressure, the core has become solid in nature. The average thickness of the core is about 3,471 km. A transition zone is found between the mantle and the core, known as the Gutenberg Discontinuity. The internal structure of the Earth can also be seen in the figures given below.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 (Conclusion):-<\/b><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 Thus<\/a>, it is clear from the above facts that seismic waves provide the most scientific evidence about the internal structure of the Earth<\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Internal Structure of The Earth (\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e) \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u093e \u092a\u095c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[165],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21840","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-special-notes-for-ug-pg"],"acf":{"test_duration":60,"q1_question":"","q1_option_a":"","q1_option_b":"","q1_option_c":"","q1_option_d":"","q1_correct":"","q1_explanation":"","q2_question":"","q2_option_a":"","q2_option_b":"","q2_option_c":"","q2_option_d":"","q2_correct":"","q2_explanation":"","q3_question":"","q3_option_a":"","q3_option_b":"","q3_option_c":"","q3_option_d":"","q3_correct":"","q3_explanation":"","q4_question":"","q4_option_a":"","q4_option_b":"","q4_option_c":"","q4_option_d":"","q4_correct":"","q4_explanation":"","q5_question":"","q5_option_a":"","q5_option_b":"","q5_option_c":"","q5_option_d":"","q5_correct":"","q5_explanation":"","q6_question":"","q6_option_a":"","q6_option_b":"","q6_option_c":"","q6_option_d":"","q6_correct":"","q6_explanation":"","q7_question":"","q7_option_a":"","q7_option_b":"","q7_option_c":"","q7_option_d":"","q7_correct":"","q7_explanation":"","q8_question":"","q8_option_a":"","q8_option_b":"","q8_option_c":"","q8_option_d":"","q8_correct":"","q8_explanation":"","q9_question":"","q9_option_a":"","q9_option_b":"","q9_option_c":"","q9_option_d":"","q9_correct":"","q9_explanation":"","q10_question":"","q10_option_a":"","q10_option_b":"","q10_option_c":"","q10_option_d":"","q10_correct":"","q10_explanation":"","q11_question":"","q11_option_a":"","q11_option_b":"","q11_option_c":"","q11_option_d":"","q11_correct":"","q11_explanation":"","q12_question":"","q12_option_a":"","q12_option_b":"","q12_option_c":"","q12_option_d":"","q12_correct":"","q12_explanation":"","q13_question":"","q13_option_a":"","q13_option_b":"","q13_option_c":"","q13_option_d":"","q13_correct":"","q13_explanation":"","q14_question":"","q14_option_a":"","q14_option_b":"","q14_option_c":"","q14_option_d":"","q14_correct":"","q14_explanation":"","q15_question":"","q15_option_a":"","q15_option_b":"","q15_option_c":"","q15_option_d":"","q15_correct":"","q15_explanation":"","q16_question":"","q16_option_a":"","q16_option_b":"","q16_option_c":"","q16_option_d":"","q16_correct":"","q16_explanation":"","q17_question":"","q17_option_a":"","q17_option_b":"","q17_option_c":"","q17_option_d":"","q17_correct":"","q17_explanation":"","q18_question":"","q18_option_a":"","q18_option_b":"","q18_option_c":"","q18_option_d":"","q18_correct":"","q18_explanation":"","q19_question":"","q19_option_a":"","q19_option_b":"","q19_option_c":"","q19_option_d":"","q19_correct":"","q19_explanation":"","q20_question":"","q20_option_a":"","q20_option_b":"","q20_option_c":"","q20_option_d":"","q20_correct":"","q20_explanation":"","q21_question":"","q21_option_a":"","q21_option_b":"","q21_option_c":"","q21_option_d":"","q21_correct":"","q21_explanation":"","q22_question":"","q22_option_a":"","q22_option_b":"","q22_option_c":"","q22_option_d":"","q22_correct":"","q22_explanation":"","q23_question":"","q23_option_a":"","q23_option_b":"","q23_option_c":"","q23_option_d":"","q23_correct":"","q23_explanation":"","q24_question":"","q24_option_a":"","q24_option_b":"","q24_option_c":"","q24_option_d":"","q24_correct":"","q24_explanation":"","q25_question":"","q25_option_a":"","q25_option_b":"","q25_option_c":"","q25_option_d":"","q25_correct":"","q25_explanation":"","q26_question":"","q26_option_a":"","q26_option_b":"","q26_option_c":"","q26_option_d":"","q26_correct":"","q26_explanation":"","q27_question":"","q27_option_a":"","q27_option_b":"","q27_option_c":"","q27_option_d":"","q27_correct":"","q27_explanation":"","q28_question":"","q28_option_a":"","q28_option_b":"","q28_option_c":"","q28_option_d":"","q28_correct":"","q28_explanation":"","q29_question":"","q29_option_a":"","q29_option_b":"","q29_option_c":"","q29_option_d":"","q29_correct":"","q29_explanation":"","q30_question":"","q30_option_a":"","q30_option_b":"","q30_option_c":"","q30_option_d":"","q30_correct":"","q30_explanation":"","q31_question":"","q31_option_a":"","q31_option_b":"","q31_option_c":"","q31_option_d":"","q31_correct":"","q31_explanation":"","q32_question":"","q32_option_a":"","q32_option_b":"","q32_option_c":"","q32_option_d":"","q32_correct":"","q32_explanation":"","q33_question":"","q33_option_a":"","q33_option_b":"","q33_option_c":"","q33_option_d":"","q33_correct":"","q33_explanation":"","q34_question":"","q34_option_a":"","q34_option_b":"","q34_option_c":"","q34_option_d":"","q34_correct":"","q34_explanation":"","q35_question":"","q35_option_a":"","q35_option_b":"","q35_option_c":"","q35_option_d":"","q35_correct":"","q35_explanation":"","q36_question":"","q36_option_a":"","q36_option_b":"","q36_option_c":"","q36_option_d":"","q36_correct":"","q36_explanation":"","q37_question":"","q37_option_a":"","q37_option_b":"","q37_option_c":"","q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