{"id":21379,"date":"2026-07-31T17:20:58","date_gmt":"2026-07-31T11:50:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/?p=21379"},"modified":"2026-07-31T17:23:52","modified_gmt":"2026-07-31T11:53:52","slug":"graphical-construction-of-simple","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/graphical-construction-of-simple\/","title":{"rendered":"11. Graphical Construction of Simple, Comparative and Diagonal Scales \/ \u0938\u0930\u0932, \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n
\n

Graphical Construction of Simple, Comparative and Diagonal Scales\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0938\u0930\u0932, \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\"Graphical<\/span><\/p>\n

\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 (Cartography) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 (Scale)<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 (Graphical Scale)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092c \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092f\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> <\/span>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902-<\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 (Simple Scale)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 (Comparative Scale)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

3. \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 (Diagonal Scale)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 (Simple Scale)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0926\u094b \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930)<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

1. \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f RF (Representative Fraction) \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

3. \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

4. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 1 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940) \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

5. \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947-\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 (\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

6. \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0938\u0921\u093c\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0932\u093e\u092d:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 (1)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928: 1 : 316,800 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0915 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 (Representative Fraction) \u092a\u0930 1 \u092e\u0940\u0932 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940 (Plain Scale) \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0907\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0939\u0932 (Solution)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f R.F. = 1 : 316,800<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 1 \u0907\u0902\u091a = \u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930 316,800 \u0907\u0902\u091a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f 63,360 \u0907\u0902\u091a = 1 \u092e\u0940\u0932<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f,<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

316,800 \u00f7 63,360 = 5 \u092e\u0940\u0932<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e 1 \u0907\u0902\u091a = \u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932 \u0915\u0947 5 \u092e\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0905\u092c \u092f\u0926\u093f 6 \u0907\u0902\u091a \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940-<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

6 \u00d7 5 = 30 \u092e\u0940\u0932<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f (Construction):-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 6 \u0907\u0902\u091a \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u094b 6 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f \u0926\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

3. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 5 \u092e\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

4. \u092c\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b 5 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

5. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 1 \u092e\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

6. \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 0 (\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f) \u0905\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

7. \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 5, 10, 15, 20 \u0914\u0930 25 \u092e\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

8. \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 1, 2, 3, 4 \u0914\u0930 5 \u092e\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

9. \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 Miles \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090a\u092a\u0930 R.F. = 1 : 316,800 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Plain<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 (Comparative Scale)<\/span><\/h1>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- <\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0940\u0932, <\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u094c\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/h2>\n

1. \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f RF \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u0926\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

3. \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930) \u0905\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

4. \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0940\u0932) \u0905\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

5. \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (Zero Point) \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/h2>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0928\u094c\u0935\u0939\u0928 (Navigation) \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0932\u093e\u092d<\/span><\/h2>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0926\u094b \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0909\u0926\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0923-<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928: 1 : 150,000 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0915 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 (R.F.) \u092a\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940 (Comparative Scale) \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0907\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0940\u0932 (Miles) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (Kilometres) \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0939\u0932 (Solution):-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 R.F. (1 : 150,000) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u092e\u0940\u0932 (Miles) \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (Kilometres) \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(1) \u092e\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940 (Scale in Miles)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f R.F. \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 1 \u0907\u0902\u091a = \u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930 150,000 \u0907\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f 63,360 \u0907\u0902\u091a = 1 \u092e\u0940\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f,<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 5 \u0907\u0902\u091a = \u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 11.83 \u092e\u0940\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0947 12 \u092e\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0905\u092c 12 \u092e\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 5.07 \u0907\u0902\u091a \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u094b 4 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 3 \u092e\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b 3 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 1 \u092e\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(2) \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940 (Scale in Kilometres)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f R.F. \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 1 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940 = \u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930 150,000 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940 = 1.5 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930,<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 15 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940 = \u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930 22.5 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0947 20 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0905\u092c 20 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 13.33 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u094b 5 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 4 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b 4 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 1 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u091a\u0930\u0923 (Final Step)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928 (Values) \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u092e\u0940\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0907\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f (0) \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u0930 (Vertical) \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\"\"3. \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 (Diagonal Scale)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 (Accurate) \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930, \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0936\u092e\u0932\u0935 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930) \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/h2>\n

1. RF \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u0924 (Rectangle) \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

3. \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

4. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

5. \u0906\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

6. \u0907\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0923 (Diagonal) \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

7. \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (Fine Measurement) \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/h2>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0915\u0948\u0921\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 (Cadastral Maps)<\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0921\u093c\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>GIS \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0932\u093e\u092d<\/span><\/h2>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

✍️ <\/span><\/span>\u092a\u0947\u0936\u0947\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 (1)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928: 1 : 40,000 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0915 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 (R.F.) \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940 (Diagonal Scale) \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0907\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 1 \u0921\u0947\u092e\u0940 (Decametre) \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0939\u0932 (Solution)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f R.F. = 1 : 40,000<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d,<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 1 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940 = \u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930 40,000 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u092f\u0926\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 12 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930-<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

12 \u00d7 40,000 = 4,80,000 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940 = 4.8 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 4.8 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 5 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0905\u092c \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0947,<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

4.8 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 = 12 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

5 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 = (12 \u00d7 5) \u00f7 4.8 = 12.5 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0905\u0924\u0903 5 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 12.5 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f (Construction):-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1. 12.5 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u094b 5 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

3. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915) \u092d\u093e\u0917 1 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

4. \u092c\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b 10 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

5. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e (\u0917\u094c\u0923) \u092d\u093e\u0917 1 \u0939\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (100 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930) \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

6. \u0921\u0947\u092e\u0940 (10 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930) \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0932\u0902\u092c (Vertical) \u092a\u0930 10 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0907\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

7. \u0905\u092c \u0907\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 (Parallel) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0923 (Diagonal) \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 1 \u0921\u0947\u092e\u0940 (10 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930) \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Diagonal<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u0932, \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u0926\u094b<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u0926\u094b (\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u0924\u0940\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u0938\u0930\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a-\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u0926\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(Applications of Scale in Geography)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 (Cartography):-<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0917\u0924 (Thematic) \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 (Topographical Survey):-<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924, \u092a\u0920\u093e\u0930, \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940, \u0928\u0926\u0940, \u0922\u093e\u0932, \u0938\u092e\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Contours) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

3. \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 (Land Survey):-<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902, \u092d\u0942-\u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 (Large Scale) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928, \u092d\u0942-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

4. \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e (Transport Planning):-<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0938\u0921\u093c\u0915, \u0930\u0947\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917, \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917, \u0939\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940, \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

5. \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 (Urban and Regional Planning):-<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0\u0928\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930, \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u0921\u093c\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

6. GIS \u090f\u0935\u0902 Remote Sensing:-<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0\u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (GIS) \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 (Remote Sensing) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 (Spatial) \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

7. \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 (Military and Defence Mapping):-<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0920\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0939\u0940, \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

8. \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Engineering Projects):-<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0\u092c\u093e\u0901\u0927, \u092a\u0941\u0932, \u092d\u0935\u0928, \u0928\u0939\u0930, \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937:<\/span><\/h1>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u0932, \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915<\/a><\/span><\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915<\/strong><\/a> \u0926\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915<\/strong> \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917, GIS \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964 UG \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Graphical Construction of Simple, Comparative and Diagonal Scales\u00a0 \u0938\u0930\u0932, \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f: \u00a0 \u00a0 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 (Cartography) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 (Scale) \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 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