{"id":21341,"date":"2026-06-27T12:41:19","date_gmt":"2026-06-27T07:11:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/?p=21341"},"modified":"2026-06-29T13:45:25","modified_gmt":"2026-06-29T08:15:25","slug":"information-technology-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/information-technology-2\/","title":{"rendered":"2. Information Technology 2 \/ \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n
\n

Information Technology\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f (Introduction):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 (Information Technology-IT) \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0922\u093c \u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e (AI), \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u091c \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928, \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Information Technology (IT) has become the backbone of modern society. It refers to the collection of technologies and tools used for the creation, storage, processing, communication, and management of information. Computers, the Internet, cloud computing, Artificial Intelligence (AI), cybersecurity, and data analytics are its major components. Today, almost every sector\u2014including education, healthcare, industry, governance, banking, and communication\u2014depends on Information Technology.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 (Evolution of Information Technology)<\/span><\/h2>\n

1. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917 (1940\u20131960) | Early Era (1940\u20131960):<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 During this period, computers based on vacuum tubes and transistors were developed. They had limited computing capacity and were mainly used for scientific and military applications.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u092e\u0947\u0928\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u092f\u0941\u0917 (1960\u20131980) | Mainframe Era (1960\u20131980):<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0928\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f, \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0During this period, large mainframe computers were developed and widely used for data processing in businesses, banks, government organizations, and large institutions.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092f\u0941\u0917 (1980\u20132000) | Personal Computer Era (1980\u20132000):<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 (PC) \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u0942\u0924\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0The development of microprocessors led to the widespread use of personal computers (PCs). During this era, the Internet revolution transformed information and communication technologies.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092f\u0941\u0917 (2000\u2013\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928) | Digital and Cloud Era (2000\u2013Present):<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u094b\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e (AI), \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0911\u092b \u0925\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 (IoT), \u092c\u093f\u0917 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 This era has witnessed rapid advancements in smartphones, cloud computing, Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, and cybersecurity. Digital services have become an integral part of every aspect of life.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0906\u091c \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e (Ubiquitous Computing) \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Today, Information Technology is moving towards Ubiquitous Computing<\/strong>, where computing capabilities are becoming embedded in every object, device, and process.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915 (Core Components of IT)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(A) \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 (Hardware):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930, \u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938: Printer, Monitor, Plotter<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 Networking devices: Router, Switch, Hub, Modem<\/span><\/p>\n

(B) \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 (Software):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 System Software-<\/strong> Operating System (Windows, Linux), device drivers<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 Application Software-<\/strong> MS Office, ERP, MIS, DBMS<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 Utility Software-<\/strong> Antivirus, Backup tools<\/span><\/p>\n

(C) \u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 (Database Management):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 DBMS \u0914\u0930 RDBMS \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/p>\n

(D) \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Networking):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 LAN, MAN, WAN<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 Wired \u0914\u0930 Wireless technologies<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 Network topologies, IP addressing, DNS, VPN<\/span><\/p>\n

(E) \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 (Internet & Web Technology):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 HTTP\/HTTPS, Web servers, Browsers<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 Web 2.0, Web 3.0, APIs<\/span><\/p>\n

(F) \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Cyber Security):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 Encryption, Firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 Malware, phishing, ransomware \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 (Applications of IT)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(A) \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938, \u0908-\u0932\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e (MOOCs)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u0932\u0948\u092c \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/p>\n

(B) \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0908-\u0939\u0949\u0938\u094d\u092a\u093f\u091f\u0932, \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940-\u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0928, \u0908-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 (EHRs)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/p>\n

(C) \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938, \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u091a\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f (SCM)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)<\/span><\/p>\n

(D) \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 (E-Governance):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e, UPI, e-Courts, DigiLocker<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/p>\n

(E) \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0915\u094b\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 FinTech, Blockchain \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/p>\n

(F) \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0930\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 OTT \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e (Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Disney+ Hotstar, Sony LIV, ZEE5, JioCinema, MX Player), \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (Emerging Trends in IT)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(1) \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Cloud Computing)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 IaaS, PaaS, SaaS \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0911\u0928-\u0921\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/p>\n

(2) \u092c\u093f\u0917 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e (Big Data)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 Hadoop, Spark \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/p>\n

(3) \u0906\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092b\u093f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 (AI & ML)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 Predictive analytics, NLP, Chatbots<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f<\/span><\/p>\n

(4) \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0911\u092b \u0925\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 (IoT)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u092e, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092b\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 Sensor-based data processing<\/span><\/p>\n

(5) \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Advanced Cyber Security)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 Zero Trust architecture<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 Digital Forensics, Ethical Hacking<\/span><\/p>\n

(6) \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 (Blockchain)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 Decentralized ledgers<\/span><\/p>\n

\u21d2 Cryptocurrency, Smart contracts<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d (Advantages of IT)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(i) \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 (Rapid Transmission of Information)<\/strong> – \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span>Information and data can be accessed and transmitted within seconds.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f (Increase in Productivity)<\/strong> – \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 (Automation) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span>Automation improves efficiency, saves time, and enhances productivity.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(iii) \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e (Support to Globalization)<\/strong> – \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span>ICT enables worldwide connectivity, promoting global trade and cooperation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(iv) \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Cost-effective Services)<\/strong> – \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0932\u092d \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <\/span>Online services reduce costs and make services more affordable and accessible.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(v) \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e (Convenience and Transparency)<\/strong> – \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0947\u091c, \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <\/span>E-governance provides citizens with faster, transparent, and accountable public services.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(vi) \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 (Employment Opportunities)-<\/strong>\u00a0\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 (IT) \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u090f \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>
\nThe IT sector creates vast employment opportunities due to the increasing demand for skilled human resources.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Challenges of IT)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(i) \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f (Increase in Cyber Crimes):<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940, \u0939\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 (Financial Fraud) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0939\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 With the rapid growth of digital technologies, incidents of data theft, hacking, online financial fraud, and cyber-attacks have increased significantly, posing serious threats to individuals, organizations, and governments.<\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f (Privacy Concerns):<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 (Personal Data) \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0932\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0The misuse of personal data, unauthorized data collection, and frequent data breaches have created serious privacy concerns, putting individuals’ security and confidentiality at risk.<\/span><\/p>\n

(iii) \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 (Digital Divide):<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0The unequal availability of internet services, digital devices, and technological infrastructure between rural and urban areas creates a digital divide, limiting equal access to education, employment, and information.<\/span><\/p>\n

(iv) \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0917\u093e\u0930\u0940 (Technological Unemployment):<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 (Automation), \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e (Artificial Intelligence) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u094c\u0915\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0906 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0908 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>
\n\u00a0 The increasing use of automation, artificial intelligence, and robotics has reduced many traditional jobs, creating new challenges related to employment and workforce adaptation.<\/span><\/p>\n

(v) \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 (Lack of Infrastructure):<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 (IT) \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0Many developing countries face inadequate IT infrastructure, poor internet connectivity, unreliable electricity supply, and limited digital resources, which hinder digital development.<\/span><\/p>\n

(vi) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e (Dependence on Technology):<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0906\u091c \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e (Data Failure), \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0936 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0939\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u094b \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0Modern society heavily depends on digital systems. In the event of data failure, server crashes, or cyber-attacks, essential services such as banking, healthcare, education, and governance may be severely disrupted.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 (IT in India)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 IT \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

India is a global leader in the Information Technology (IT) services sector.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u092c\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0932\u0941\u0930\u0941 (Bengaluru) \u0915\u094b “\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u0935\u0948\u0932\u0940” (Silicon Valley of India) \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

Bengaluru is known as the “Silicon Valley of India” due to its large concentration of IT industries and technology companies.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. TCS, Infosys, Wipro, HCL Technologies \u0914\u0930 Tech Mahindra \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 IT \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

Indian companies such as TCS, Infosys, Wipro, HCL Technologies, and Tech Mahindra provide IT and digital services across the globe.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 (Digital India Mission) \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940, \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

The Digital India Mission has significantly expanded digital connectivity, e-governance, and access to digital services across the country.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. UPI, Aadhaar \u0914\u0930 RuPay \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u0932 \u0928\u0947 ICT-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 (ICT-based Governance) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n

Note: ICT- Information and Communication Technology<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Digital initiatives such as UPI, Aadhaar, and RuPay have made India a global model for ICT-based governance and digital public infrastructure.<\/span><\/p>\n

6. \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 IT \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 (IT Manpower) \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

India is one of the world’s largest exporters of skilled IT professionals and software services.<\/span><\/p>\n

7. \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0932 \u0918\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0942 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 (GDP) \u092e\u0947\u0902 IT \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 7\u20138% \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

The IT sector contributes approximately 7\u20138% to India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and has become one of the country’s largest sources of employment.<\/span><\/p>\n

8. \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e (AI), \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Cloud Computing), \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Cyber Security), \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 (Data Science) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0905\u092a \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f (Startup Ecosystem) \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

With the rapid growth of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cloud Computing, Cyber Security, Data Science, and the Startup Ecosystem, India is continuously strengthening its position in the global digital economy.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e (Future of Information Technology)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e (Artificial Intelligence – AI) \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 (AI-driven systems), \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 (Data-centric governance), \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Pervasive Computing) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Cybersecurity Excellence)<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

The future of Information Technology will be driven by AI-driven systems, data-centric governance, pervasive computing, and cybersecurity excellence.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u27a4 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Quantum Computing):<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/span>
\nQuantum Computing will solve highly complex problems within seconds.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u27a4 \u092e\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938 (Metaverse):<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u092e\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f, \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0930\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span>
\nThe Metaverse will provide a new immersive digital experience in education, business, entertainment, and social interaction.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u27a4 5G\/6G \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (5G\/6G Networks):<\/strong><\/span>
\n5G \u090f\u0935\u0902 6G \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e (Ultra-low Latency), \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/span>
\n5G and 6G technologies will enable ultra-low latency, faster communication, and seamless connectivity.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 (Conclusion):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/a> (Information Technology)<\/a> <\/strong>\u0906\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u090f \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0935\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Thus, it can be concluded that Information Technology (IT) is a transformative force in the modern world. It has a profound impact on the economy, society, education, healthcare, and governance. While the digital revolution has created numerous opportunities, it has also introduced significant challenges that require strong policies, robust cybersecurity frameworks, and digital literacy. Nevertheless, Information Technology will continue to serve as the foundation of future progress, innovation, and sustainable development.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Information Technology\u00a0 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f (Introduction): \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 (Information Technology-IT) \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0922\u093c \u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e (AI), \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u091c \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f, 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