{"id":19597,"date":"2025-09-12T21:03:18","date_gmt":"2025-09-12T15:33:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/?p=19597"},"modified":"2026-09-21T23:31:12","modified_gmt":"2026-09-21T18:01:12","slug":"morphometric-analysis-of-drainage-basin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/morphometric-analysis-of-drainage-basin\/","title":{"rendered":"41. Morphometric Analysis of Drainage basin- Stream Order, Sinuosity Index and Drainage Density (\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923- \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935)"},"content":{"rendered":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #00ffff;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Morphometric Analysis of Drainage basin- Stream Order, Sinuosity Index and Drainage Density <\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #008000;\"><strong>(\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923- \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Stream Order (\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1503\" data-end=\"1697\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"458\" data-end=\"887\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 (Geomorphic) \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u091c\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (Drainage System) \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0932\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915, \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"458\" data-end=\"887\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u091c\u0932\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 <strong data-start=\"805\" data-end=\"822\">\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0928<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 <strong data-start=\"849\" data-end=\"866\">\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"889\" data-end=\"1033\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"889\" data-end=\"915\">\u21d2 \u092e\u094b\u0930\u094d\u092b\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0939\u0948- \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"889\" data-end=\"1033\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902-<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1036\" data-end=\"1067\"><span style=\"color: #993366; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>(i) \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 (Stream Order),<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1070\" data-end=\"1103\"><span style=\"color: #993366; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>(ii) \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e (Stream Number),<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1106\" data-end=\"1138\"><span style=\"color: #993366; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>(iii) \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 (Stream Length),<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1141\" data-end=\"1176\"><span style=\"color: #993366; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>(iv) \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 (Drainage Density),<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993366; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>(v) \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 (Sinuosity Index),<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1179\" data-end=\"1220\"><span style=\"color: #993366; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>(vi) \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0948\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u094b (Circulatory Ratio),<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1223\" data-end=\"1261\"><span style=\"color: #993366; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>(vii) \u090f\u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0930\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u094b (Elongation Ratio),<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1264\" data-end=\"1316\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\"><strong>(viii) \u092c\u093f\u092b\u0930\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0930\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u094b (Bifurcation Ratio)<\/strong><\/span> \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1264\" data-end=\"1316\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 <strong data-start=\"1327\" data-end=\"1344\">\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0926\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1264\" data-end=\"1316\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong data-start=\"1699\" data-end=\"1710\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e-<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1264\" data-end=\"1316\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 <strong data-start=\"1530\" data-end=\"1547\">\u091c\u0932\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0926\u0940, \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092f\u093e \u091d\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u201c\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2303\" data-end=\"2351\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\">\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2353\" data-end=\"2407\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>1. <\/strong><strong><span dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"\" dir=\"auto\">\u0939\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f <\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong>(Horton\u2019s Method, 1945)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2353\" data-end=\"2407\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\"> \u0939\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e (Stream Order) \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0901\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b\u00a0\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0932\u0930\u00a0\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092e \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2353\" data-end=\"2407\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0939\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e (Order 1) \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u092c \u0926\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0943\u0924\u0940\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0964<span data-wiz-rootname=\"ohfaMd\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-processed=\"true\"><span data-animation-atomic=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-processed=\"true\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2410\" data-end=\"2489\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong data-start=\"2448\" data-end=\"2473\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e (1st Order)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2492\" data-end=\"2572\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 <strong data-start=\"2527\" data-end=\"2553\">\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e (2nd Order)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2575\" data-end=\"2608\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2610\" data-end=\"2669\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><strong data-start=\"2614\" data-end=\"2667\">2. \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0932\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f (Strahler Method, 1952-57)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2670\" data-end=\"2724\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u00a0\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0932\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u00a0\u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902-<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2728\" data-end=\"2802\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u092e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong data-start=\"2761\" data-end=\"2786\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e (1st Order)<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2806\" data-end=\"2880\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u091c\u092c <strong data-start=\"2809\" data-end=\"2825\">\u0926\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e <strong data-start=\"2859\" data-end=\"2877\">\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2886\" data-end=\"2917\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:- 1st + 1st \u2192 2nd Order<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2886\" data-end=\"2917\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092f\u0926\u093f <strong data-start=\"2925\" data-end=\"2939\">\u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0930\u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3007\" data-end=\"3038\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:- 2nd + 1st \u2192 2nd Order<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3042\" data-end=\"3096\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u092e \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3042\" data-end=\"3096\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-22068 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Strahler-Method-300x215.jpeg\" alt=\"Morphometric Analysis of Drainage basin\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Strahler-Method-300x215.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Strahler-Method-1024x733.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Strahler-Method-768x550.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Strahler-Method-1536x1099.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Strahler-Method.jpeg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3098\" data-end=\"3132\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong data-start=\"3102\" data-end=\"3130\">3.<\/strong> <strong><span dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"VIpgJd-yAWNEb-VIpgJd-fmcmS-sn54Q\" dir=\"auto\">\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935\u00a0 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f (<\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong data-start=\"3102\" data-end=\"3130\">Shreve Method, 1966)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3098\" data-end=\"3132\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span dir=\"auto\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"VIpgJd-yAWNEb-VIpgJd-fmcmS-sn54Q\" dir=\"auto\">\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b &#8220;1&#8221; \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0932\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Shreve_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3135\" data-end=\"3186\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u092e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong data-start=\"3161\" data-end=\"3170\">\u092e\u093e\u0928 1<\/strong> \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3189\" data-end=\"3250\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928 <strong data-start=\"3226\" data-end=\"3247\">\u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3253\" data-end=\"3319\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3253\" data-end=\"3319\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-22069 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Shreve-Method-300x203.jpeg\" alt=\"Shreve Method\" width=\"300\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Shreve-Method-300x203.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Shreve-Method-1024x694.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Shreve-Method-768x520.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Shreve-Method-1536x1041.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Shreve-Method.jpeg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3326\" data-end=\"3357\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><strong data-start=\"3329\" data-end=\"3355\">\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"3361\" data-end=\"3483\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><strong data-start=\"3361\" data-end=\"3383\">(i) \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928-<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0906\u092a\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3487\" data-end=\"3597\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><strong data-start=\"3487\" data-end=\"3521\">(ii) \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923-<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u091c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939, \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u093e\u0926\u0928 (Sedimentation) \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3601\" data-end=\"3693\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><strong data-start=\"3601\" data-end=\"3623\">(iii) \u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092b\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928-<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938, \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930, \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3697\" data-end=\"3798\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><strong data-start=\"3697\" data-end=\"3725\">(iv) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928-<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908, \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0927 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u091f\u0930\u0936\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3802\" data-end=\"3905\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><strong data-start=\"3802\" data-end=\"3823\">(v) \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928-<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3912\" data-end=\"3965\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><strong data-start=\"3915\" data-end=\"3963\">\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u094b\u0930\u094d\u092b\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3967\" data-end=\"4014\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong data-start=\"3971\" data-end=\"4012\">1. \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e (Stream Number, Nu)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4017\" data-end=\"4086\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4089\" data-end=\"4172\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 Horton (1945) \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4089\" data-end=\"4172\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 It can be represented by the following formula: Nu = N1 + N2 + &#8230;..+ Nn<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4174\" data-end=\"4220\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong data-start=\"4178\" data-end=\"4218\">2. \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 (Stream Length, Lu)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4223\" data-end=\"4275\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 It is the total length of the stream segments of all stream order. \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4278\" data-end=\"4341\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 Strahler (1964) \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4343\" data-end=\"4395\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong data-start=\"4347\" data-end=\"4393\">3. \u092c\u093f\u092b\u0930\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0930\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u094b (Bifurcation Ratio, Rb)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4398\" data-end=\"4483\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4486\" data-end=\"4549\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4551\" data-end=\"4602\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong data-start=\"4555\" data-end=\"4600\">4. \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c \u0921\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 (Drainage Density, Dd)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4605\" data-end=\"4675\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4678\" data-end=\"4745\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092a\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4747\" data-end=\"4802\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong data-start=\"4751\" data-end=\"4800\">5. \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 (Stream Frequency, Fs)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4805\" data-end=\"4847\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4850\" data-end=\"4901\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948- \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939, \u0915\u092e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4908\" data-end=\"4954\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong data-start=\"4911\" data-end=\"4952\">\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\" data-processed=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><b class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong data-start=\"4958\" data-end=\"4990\">(i) <\/strong>\u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\" data-processed=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u21d2\u00a0 <\/span>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947, \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-processed=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><b class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong data-start=\"4958\" data-end=\"4990\">(ii) <\/strong>\u0924\u0932\u091b\u091f \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928:<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-processed=\"true\">\u21d2 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947, \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0932\u091b\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><span class=\"\" data-wiz-rootname=\"ohfaMd\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"vKEkVd\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-processed=\"true\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\" data-processed=\"true\"><b class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><strong data-start=\"4958\" data-end=\"4990\">(<span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">iii) <\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">\u092e\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\" data-processed=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u21d2 <\/span>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u091c\u0932\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\" data-processed=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><b class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong data-start=\"4958\" data-end=\"4990\">(iv) <\/strong>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\" data-processed=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u21d2 <\/span>\u00a0\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-processed=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><b class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong data-start=\"4958\" data-end=\"4990\">(v) <\/strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e:<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-processed=\"true\">\u21d2 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><span class=\"\" data-wiz-rootname=\"ohfaMd\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"vKEkVd\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-processed=\"true\">\u00a0<button class=\"rBl3me\" tabindex=\"0\" data-amic=\"true\" data-icl-uuid=\"010fb631-f36c-48e4-ac72-2ff72c7efcaa\" aria-label=\"View related links\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwisp9nLvNOPAxWmSGwGHXHSI74Qye0OegQIBRAK\" data-processed=\"true\"><\/button><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\" data-processed=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><b class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong data-start=\"4958\" data-end=\"4990\">(vi) <\/strong>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u00a0\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\" data-processed=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u21d2 <\/span>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-processed=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><b class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\"><strong data-start=\"4958\" data-end=\"4990\">(vii) <\/strong>\u091c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930:<\/b><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-processed=\"true\">\u21d2 \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u091c\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><span class=\"\" data-wiz-rootname=\"ohfaMd\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"vKEkVd\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-processed=\"true\">\u00a0<button class=\"rBl3me\" tabindex=\"0\" data-amic=\"true\" data-icl-uuid=\"4c2737a1-a42d-4aa0-a4dd-04e3ecd94570\" aria-label=\"View related links\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwisp9nLvNOPAxWmSGwGHXHSI74Qye0OegQIBRAQ\" data-processed=\"true\"><\/button><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\" data-processed=\"true\"><b class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><strong data-start=\"4958\" data-end=\"4990\">(<span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">viii) <\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">\u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923:<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\" data-processed=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u21d2 <\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-processed=\"true\"><b class=\"Yjhzub\" data-processed=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><strong data-start=\"4958\" data-end=\"4990\">(<span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">ix) <\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0932\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 (DEM) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-processed=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">\u21d2 <\/span>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u091f\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0932\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0942\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><span class=\"\" data-wiz-rootname=\"ohfaMd\" data-processed=\"true\"><span class=\"vKEkVd\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-processed=\"true\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5108\" data-end=\"5133\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff00ff;\"><strong data-start=\"5108\" data-end=\"5131\">(x) \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5139\" data-end=\"5250\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4241\" data-end=\"4291\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><strong data-start=\"4244\" data-end=\"4289\">\u0915\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0921\u0940 (Case Study Example)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4293\" data-end=\"4340\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948-<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr data-start=\"4342\" data-end=\"4390\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 18.4626%;\" data-start=\"4342\" data-end=\"4349\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 39.2289%;\" data-start=\"4349\" data-end=\"4368\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 41.3837%;\" data-start=\"4368\" data-end=\"4390\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 (\u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4438\" data-end=\"4484\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 18.4626%;\" data-start=\"4438\" data-end=\"4445\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">1st<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 39.2289%;\" data-start=\"4445\" data-end=\"4462\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">120<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 41.3837%;\" data-start=\"4462\" data-end=\"4484\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">0.9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4485\" data-end=\"4531\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 18.4626%;\" data-start=\"4485\" data-end=\"4492\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">2nd<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 39.2289%;\" data-start=\"4492\" data-end=\"4509\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">60<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 41.3837%;\" data-start=\"4509\" data-end=\"4531\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">2.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4532\" data-end=\"4578\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 18.4626%;\" data-start=\"4532\" data-end=\"4539\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">3rd<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 39.2289%;\" data-start=\"4539\" data-end=\"4556\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">25<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 41.3837%;\" data-start=\"4556\" data-end=\"4578\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">4.5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4579\" data-end=\"4625\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 18.4626%;\" data-start=\"4579\" data-end=\"4586\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">4th<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 39.2289%;\" data-start=\"4586\" data-end=\"4603\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">10<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 41.3837%;\" data-start=\"4603\" data-end=\"4625\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">8.2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4626\" data-end=\"4672\">\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 18.4626%;\" data-start=\"4626\" data-end=\"4633\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">5th<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 39.2289%;\" data-start=\"4633\" data-end=\"4650\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 41.3837%;\" data-start=\"4650\" data-end=\"4672\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">15.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"group w-fit _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4674\" data-end=\"4778\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e, \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0964<\/span><br data-start=\"4740\" data-end=\"4743\" \/><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 Horton\u2019s Law \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"6053\" data-end=\"6449\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"6053\" data-end=\"6449\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u0930\u094d\u092b\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"6053\" data-end=\"6449\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"6302\" data-end=\"6312\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Horton<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong data-start=\"6316\" data-end=\"6328\">Strahler<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Sinuosity Index <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>(\u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"480\" data-end=\"517\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><strong data-start=\"483\" data-end=\"515\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"1080\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 (Sinuosity Index) \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u092d\u091f\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0926\u093e\u0930\u092a\u0928 (\u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0926\u093e\u0930) \u0915\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"1080\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 1 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; 1 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"1080\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924 <\/span><strong style=\"color: #000000;\" data-start=\"1112\" data-end=\"1151\">\u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 (Sinuosity Index)<\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 (Channel Length) \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (Valley Length ) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1392\" data-end=\"1443\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><strong data-start=\"1395\" data-end=\"1441\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e (Definition)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1444\" data-end=\"1565\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1567\" data-end=\"1589\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><strong data-start=\"1567\" data-end=\"1587\">\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 (Formula):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1715\" data-end=\"1795\"><span class=\"katex-display\" style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-s\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366;\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">S<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<span class=\"katex-mathml\">L<sub>c<\/sub><\/span><\/span>\u200b\/<span class=\"katex-mathml\">L<sub>v<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1619\" data-end=\"1627\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 &#8211;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1630\" data-end=\"1657\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> = Sinuosity Index<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1660\" data-end=\"1712\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">L<sub>c<\/sub><\/span><\/span>\u00a0= Channel Length (\u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1715\" data-end=\"1795\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">L<sub>v<\/sub><\/span><\/span>\u00a0= Valley Length \u092f\u093e Air Length (\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940)<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1802\" data-end=\"1856\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><strong data-start=\"1805\" data-end=\"1854\">\u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f (Historical Background)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1859\" data-end=\"1951\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 Leopold \u0914\u0930 Wolman (1957) \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0905\u0902\u0921\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1954\" data-end=\"2085\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 Schumm (1963) \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 (Straight, Sinuous, Meandering, Braided) \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f Sinuosity Index \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2088\" data-end=\"2215\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u091c\u0932\u094b\u0922\u093c \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u092a\u0925\u0930\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u091f\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2222\" data-end=\"2274\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><strong data-start=\"2225\" data-end=\"2272\">\u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 (Types of Sinuosity)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2275\" data-end=\"2360\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948-\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2365\" data-end=\"2401\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff00ff;\"><strong data-start=\"2365\" data-end=\"2399\">(i) \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Straight Rivers):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li data-start=\"2407\" data-end=\"2417\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">S \u2264 1.05<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2407\" data-end=\"2417\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2407\" data-end=\"2417\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0922\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>(ii) \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0905\u0938 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Sinuous Rivers):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li data-start=\"2569\" data-end=\"2586\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">1.05 &lt; S &lt; 1.50<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2569\" data-end=\"2586\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2569\" data-end=\"2586\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 (middle course) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong data-start=\"2690\" data-end=\"2731\">\u092e\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0921\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Meandering Rivers):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li data-start=\"2569\" data-end=\"2586\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">S \u2265 1.50<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2569\" data-end=\"2586\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947-\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2569\" data-end=\"2586\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 (lower course) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2870\" data-end=\"2910\">\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f (Method of Calculation)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li data-start=\"2917\" data-end=\"2985\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0936\u0940\u091f, \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c \u092f\u093e GIS \u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e) \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2986\" data-end=\"3056\">\n<p data-start=\"2989\" data-end=\"3056\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 <span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><sub><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">c<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3057\" data-end=\"3121\">\n<p data-start=\"3060\" data-end=\"3121\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><sub><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">v<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3122\" data-end=\"3180\">\n<p data-start=\"3125\" data-end=\"3180\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0909\u092a\u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">S<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3181\" data-end=\"3272\">\n<p data-start=\"3184\" data-end=\"3272\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3279\" data-end=\"3359\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><strong data-start=\"3282\" data-end=\"3357\">\u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 (Factors Influencing Sinuosity)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"3364\" data-end=\"3409\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><strong data-start=\"3364\" data-end=\"3407\">(i) \u092d\u0942\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e (Geological Structure):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3415\" data-end=\"3480\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3486\" data-end=\"3553\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0936\u0948\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0936 (faults) \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong data-start=\"3558\" data-end=\"3577\">(ii) \u0922\u093e\u0932 (Gradient):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3585\" data-end=\"3633\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0922\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3639\" data-end=\"3697\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0915\u092e \u0922\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0905\u0902\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3702\" data-end=\"3730\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><strong data-start=\"3702\" data-end=\"3728\">(iii) \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 (Hydrology):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3736\" data-end=\"3798\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3803\" data-end=\"3832\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><strong data-start=\"3803\" data-end=\"3830\">(iv) \u0905\u0935\u0938\u093e\u0926\u0928 (Sedimentation):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3838\" data-end=\"3907\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u090f-\u0928\u090f \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3912\" data-end=\"3960\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><strong data-start=\"3912\" data-end=\"3958\">(v) \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 (Vegetation &amp; Climate):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3966\" data-end=\"4049\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0918\u0928 \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4056\" data-end=\"4128\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #993300;\"><strong data-start=\"4059\" data-end=\"4126\">\u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 (Significance of Sinuosity Index)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4132\" data-end=\"4237\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"4132\" data-end=\"4172\">(i) \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 (River Classification):<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940, \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0905\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0905\u0902\u0921\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4240\" data-end=\"4315\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"4240\" data-end=\"4273\">(ii) \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 (Flood Analysis):<\/strong> \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4318\" data-end=\"4423\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"4318\" data-end=\"4364\">(iii) \u0905\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 (Erosion &amp; Deposition):<\/strong> \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4426\" data-end=\"4530\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"4426\" data-end=\"4469\">(iv) \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 (Geomorphic Evolution):<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4533\" data-end=\"4626\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"4533\" data-end=\"4583\">(v) \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Engineering Projects):<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u0901\u0927, \u092a\u0941\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0930 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4629\" data-end=\"4744\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"4629\" data-end=\"4675\">(vi) \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 (Environmental Studies):<\/strong> \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4751\" data-end=\"4818\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #993300;\"><strong data-start=\"4754\" data-end=\"4816\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 (Applications in Geomorphology and Hydrology)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4823\" data-end=\"4919\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"4823\" data-end=\"4846\">(i) Geomorphic Mapping:<\/strong> GIS \u0914\u0930 Remote Sensing \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0905\u0902\u0921\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4923\" data-end=\"5016\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"4923\" data-end=\"4950\">(ii) River Basin Management:<\/strong> \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908, \u091c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5020\" data-end=\"5132\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"5020\" data-end=\"5047\">(iii) Climate Change Studies:<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5136\" data-end=\"5202\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"5136\" data-end=\"5158\">(iv) Hazard Mitigation:<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u091f\u0940\u092f \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5206\" data-end=\"5279\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"5206\" data-end=\"5235\">(v) Historical River Courses:<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"5286\" data-end=\"5334\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><strong data-start=\"5289\" data-end=\"5332\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 (Case Studies)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"5339\" data-end=\"5372\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><strong data-start=\"5339\" data-end=\"5370\">1. \u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e \u0928\u0926\u0940 (Gangetic Plains):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5378\" data-end=\"5437\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 1.5 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5443\" data-end=\"5499\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0905\u0902\u0921\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u092c\u094b \u091d\u0940\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5504\" data-end=\"5539\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><strong data-start=\"5504\" data-end=\"5537\">2. \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u092e\u092a\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0926\u0940 (Brahmaputra):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5545\" data-end=\"5605\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0905\u0935\u0938\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5610\" data-end=\"5640\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><strong data-start=\"5610\" data-end=\"5638\">3. \u0928\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0926\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5646\" data-end=\"5689\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0936 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5695\" data-end=\"5729\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"5736\" data-end=\"5788\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><strong data-start=\"5739\" data-end=\"5786\">\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Limitations of Sinuosity Index)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"5792\" data-end=\"5884\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5887\" data-end=\"5959\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c\u091c\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0906 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5962\" data-end=\"6049\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u091f\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u0928\u0939\u0930\u0947\u0902) \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"6056\" data-end=\"6090\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><strong data-start=\"6059\" data-end=\"6088\">\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 (Conclusion)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"6091\" data-end=\"6511\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 (Fluvial Geomorphology) \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0905\u0902\u0921\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"6091\" data-end=\"6511\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0935\u0938\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Drainage Density <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><strong>(\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 (Drainage Density) \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0928 (drainage basin) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u091c\u0932-\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (Drainage System) \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0942-\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941, \u0936\u0948\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0926\u0940-\u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (Drainage Basin) \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 <strong data-start=\"696\" data-end=\"722\">\u092e\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092b\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 <strong data-start=\"828\" data-end=\"867\">\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 (Drainage Density- Dd)<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u092e\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u091c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939, \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #993300;\"><strong data-start=\"1207\" data-end=\"1218\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e-<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 Horton (1945) \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u201c\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 (streams) \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0932\u092e\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"katex-display\" style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\" style=\"color: #993300;\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">D<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">d<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"color: #993300;\">L<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\" style=\"color: #993300;\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">u\/<span class=\"mord mathnormal\">A<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1410\" data-end=\"1418\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901-\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1421\" data-end=\"1443\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\u21d2 Dd<\/span><\/span>\u00a0= \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1446\" data-end=\"1496\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\u21d2 Lu<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> = \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0932\u092e\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1499\" data-end=\"1535\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\u21d2 A<\/span><\/span>\u00a0= \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1537\" data-end=\"1571\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"1537\" data-end=\"1552\">\u092e\u093e\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/strong> &#8211; km\/km\u00b2 \u092f\u093e m\/m\u00b2<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1578\" data-end=\"1608\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\">\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1611\" data-end=\"1695\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0918\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 <strong data-start=\"1667\" data-end=\"1687\">\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1698\" data-end=\"1748\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b <strong data-start=\"1722\" data-end=\"1740\">\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1751\" data-end=\"1859\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092f\u0939 \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0932\u092e\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1866\" data-end=\"1912\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\">\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1913\" data-end=\"2007\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2009\" data-end=\"2035\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff00ff;\">(i) \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 (Climate)<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2038\" data-end=\"2155\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0936\u0941\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927-\u0936\u0941\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2158\" data-end=\"2289\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2291\" data-end=\"2328\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff00ff;\">(ii) \u0936\u0948\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e (Rock Structure)<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2331\" data-end=\"2432\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0905\u092d\u0947\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0936\u0948\u0932\u094b\u0902 (impermeable rocks) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f, \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2435\" data-end=\"2567\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0930 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u094b\u0902 (permeable rocks) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0932\u0941\u0906 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930, \u091a\u0942\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2569\" data-end=\"2597\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff00ff;\">(iii) \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f (Relief)<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2600\" data-end=\"2724\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0922\u093e\u0932 (high relief) \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0918\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 Dd \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2727\" data-end=\"2813\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0922\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 Dd \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2815\" data-end=\"2866\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff00ff;\">(iv) \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 (Soil &amp; Vegetation)<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2869\" data-end=\"2937\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0930\u0947\u0924\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u0935 \u092d\u0941\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2940\" data-end=\"3000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3003\" data-end=\"3088\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0918\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3090\" data-end=\"3117\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff00ff;\">(v) \u0938\u092e\u092f (Time Factor)<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3120\" data-end=\"3185\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0928\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 (Youth stage) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3188\" data-end=\"3262\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3269\" data-end=\"3304\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\">\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3305\" data-end=\"3349\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff00ff;\">(i) \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3353\" data-end=\"3394\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3398\" data-end=\"3441\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0932\u092e\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3445\" data-end=\"3469\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3473\" data-end=\"3517\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3519\" data-end=\"3567\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff00ff;\">(ii) \u091c\u0940\u0906\u0908\u090f\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3568\" data-end=\"3704\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u0906\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902, DEM (Digital Elevation Model) \u0924\u0925\u093e GIS \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 Drainage Density \u0915\u093e \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3711\" data-end=\"3742\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff6600;\">\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3743\" data-end=\"3778\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0939\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3782\" data-end=\"3829\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"3782\" data-end=\"3812\">\u21d2 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 (Low Dd):<\/strong> 2 km\/km\u00b2 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3832\" data-end=\"3883\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"3832\" data-end=\"3868\">\u21d2 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 (Moderate Dd):<\/strong> 2 &#8211; 5 km\/km\u00b2<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3886\" data-end=\"3936\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"3886\" data-end=\"3917\">\u21d2 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 (High Dd):<\/strong> 5 km\/km\u00b2 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3943\" data-end=\"3971\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff6600;\">\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3972\" data-end=\"3999\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\">(i) \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4002\" data-end=\"4035\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4038\" data-end=\"4080\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4083\" data-end=\"4122\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4124\" data-end=\"4149\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\">(ii) \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4152\" data-end=\"4190\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4193\" data-end=\"4235\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4238\" data-end=\"4283\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0936\u0948\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0922\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4285\" data-end=\"4311\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\">(iii) \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4314\" data-end=\"4350\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0935 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0905\u0935\u0928\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4353\" data-end=\"4394\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4401\" data-end=\"4437\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4440\" data-end=\"4539\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"4440\" data-end=\"4490\">\u21d2 \u0930\u0947\u0917\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u0905\u091f\u093e\u0915\u093e\u092e\u093e):<\/strong> \u0936\u0941\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935 \u0905\u092d\u0947\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4440\" data-end=\"4539\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u21d2 <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"4542\" data-end=\"4562\">\u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong> \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0922\u093e\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a Dd\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4604\" data-end=\"4687\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"4604\" data-end=\"4631\">\u21d2 \u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e-\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u092a\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928:<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935 \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 Dd\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4690\" data-end=\"4766\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"4690\" data-end=\"4721\">\u21d2 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u092a:<\/strong> \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a Dd\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4773\" data-end=\"4809\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\">\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4812\" data-end=\"4908\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a Dd \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0932 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 <strong data-start=\"4878\" data-end=\"4898\">\u091c\u0932-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/strong> \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4911\" data-end=\"4977\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 Dd \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong data-start=\"4939\" data-end=\"4966\">\u092d\u0942-\u091c\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4980\" data-end=\"5060\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908, \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"5067\" data-end=\"5096\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\">\u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"5099\" data-end=\"5209\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5212\" data-end=\"5335\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092b\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 Stream Frequency, Bifurcation Ratio, Elongation Ratio) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5338\" data-end=\"5412\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u21d2 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 GIS \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"5419\" data-end=\"5436\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\">\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"5437\" data-end=\"5814\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915-\u092d\u0942\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0936\u0948\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0926\u0940-\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"5437\" data-end=\"5814\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@DrAmarKumar91\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/a> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/\">\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915<\/a> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Morphometric Analysis of Drainage basin- Stream Order, Sinuosity Index and Drainage Density (\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923- \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0913\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935) Stream Order (\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e) \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u00a0 \u00a0\u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 (Geomorphic) \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u091c\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (Drainage System) \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0932\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 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