{"id":11835,"date":"2023-06-02T00:21:40","date_gmt":"2023-06-01T18:51:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/?p=11835"},"modified":"2024-04-27T19:23:41","modified_gmt":"2024-04-27T13:53:41","slug":"projection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/projection\/","title":{"rendered":"10. Projection \/ \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff0000;\"><strong>10. Projection \/ \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003300; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Projection \/ <\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a<\/span> <\/strong>\u21d2<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>\u00a0\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 (Spherical Earth) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%aa\/\">\u092a<\/a> (Orthographic Projection) \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a (Central Projection) \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u092f\u0925\u093e\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u0930\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0926\u0936\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0948\u0924\u093f\u091c \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u0942\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 (Tilt) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0935\u091a\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u092c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092c \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u092c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902-<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 (Types of Projection) <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a (Parallel Projection)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. \u0932\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u094b\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a (Orthographic Projection) <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a (Central Projection)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff6600;\">1. \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a (Parallel Projection):-<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0917\u092f\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 ABC \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c \u0915\u094b LL \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c abc \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 Aa Bb, Cc \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11839\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11839\" class=\"wp-image-11839 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.01.23-PM-300x142.jpeg\" alt=\"Projection\" width=\"300\" height=\"142\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.01.23-PM-300x142.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.01.23-PM-1024x485.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.01.23-PM-768x364.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.01.23-PM.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-11839\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Geometry of Photograph<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">2. \u0932\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u094b\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a (Orthographic Projection):-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0907\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c ABC \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b LL \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 (\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 B) \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902 LL \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0936\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u094b\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0935\u091a\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff6600;\">3. \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a (Central Projection):-<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0909\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 C \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c ABC \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902 Aa, Bb \u0924\u0925\u093e Cc \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 0 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 (Projection Centre) \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 (Perspective Centre) \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e (\u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 O \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092c \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f (Object) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0932 <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(Plane) \u092a\u094b\u091c\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0924\u0932 (Positive Plane) \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902-<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">(i) \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f (External) \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">(ii) \u0906\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 (Internal) \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (Principal Distance)-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 (Internal Perspective Centre) \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b \u0924\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0935\u0924 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0935\u0924 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (Principal point) \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u092b\u093f\u0921\u0942\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928 (Fiducial Ma<span style=\"color: #008000;\"><a style=\"color: #008000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@DrAmarKumar91\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">r<\/a><\/span>k)- <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0917\u092f\u0947 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 &#8216;V&#8217; \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093f\u0921\u0942\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928 (Fiducial Marks) \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 (Index Mark) \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e 4 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0908 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u091f\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092c \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092c \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (Principal Point)- <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092b\u093f\u0921\u0942\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u0928 (Intersection) \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 (Orientation) \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0941\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (Plumb Point)-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u0930 <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u092c \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b \u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0939\u0941\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>\u091f\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f (\u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935\/Tilt)-<\/strong><\/span> \u091f\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935\u0964 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 (Optical Axis) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0939\u0941\u0932 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (Plumb Line) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932 \u0924\u0932 (Ground Plane) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b \u0924\u0932 (Photo Plane) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11837\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11837\" class=\"wp-image-11837 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.04.59-PM-300x136.jpeg\" alt=\"\u091f\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f (\u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935\" width=\"300\" height=\"136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.04.59-PM-300x136.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.04.59-PM-1024x464.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.04.59-PM-768x348.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.04.59-PM.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-11837\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tilt<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915 (Components) \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0909\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e X \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 Y \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930\u0964 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">(i) \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0915 &#8216;Y&#8217; \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0909\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e (X \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937) \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f (Lontigudinal) \u092f\u093e &#8216;X&#8217; \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930 (Fore) \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0923 (Apt) \u091f\u093f\u092a (Tip) \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947\u00a0 \u03a6(\u092b\u093e\u0908 Phi) \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">(ii) \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0915 &#8216;X&#8217; \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 &#8216;Y&#8217; \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 (Lateral Tilt) \u092f\u093e &#8216;Y&#8217; \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u03c9 (\u0913\u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e Omega) \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0928\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (Nadir Point)-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 0 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e ON \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 &#8216;n&#8217; \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b \u0905\u0927\u094b\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (Nadir Point) \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 &#8216;N&#8217; \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0905\u0927\u094b\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (Nadir Point) \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11838\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11838\" class=\"wp-image-11838 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.04.41-PM-300x148.jpeg\" alt=\"\u0928\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941\" width=\"300\" height=\"148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.04.41-PM-300x148.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.04.41-PM-1024x504.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.04.41-PM-768x378.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.04.41-PM.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-11838\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Photo Nadir Point<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u092b\u093f\u0921\u0942\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 (Fiducial Centre)-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b \u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (O) \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u0941\u0932 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092f\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 (p) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (Principal Point) \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (O) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (p) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (Principal Distance) \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (Principal Distance)-<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092b\u093f\u0921\u0942\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0921\u0942\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093f\u0921\u0942\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\">\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 (Reasons for Photo Tilt) <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902-<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">1. \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0936\u093e (Atmoshperic Conditions) <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">2. \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 (Human Error of the Pilot)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">3. \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 (Imperfection of Camera) <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u091f\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092c \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 (Swing)-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0909\u095c\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0921\u0942\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u03bb(\u0915\u093e\u092a\u093e Kappa) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11836\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11836\" class=\"wp-image-11836 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.06.23-PM-300x168.jpeg\" alt=\"\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.06.23-PM-300x168.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.06.23-PM-1024x572.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.06.23-PM-768x429.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/geographynotespdf.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-06-01-at-10.06.23-PM.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-11836\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Swing<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\"><strong>\u0938\u092e\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 (Isocentre)-<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b \u0924\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 (Photo Isocentre) \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0915 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 (Ground Isocentre) \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u094b \u0907\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Q. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0939\u0948? \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(What do you mean Projection? Discuss its types.)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Read More:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%a8\/\">\u0938\u0941\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>2. <a style=\"color: #800080;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%97%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b8\/\">\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \/ The Historical Development of Satellite<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5\/\">\u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \/ The Significance and Utility of Remote Sensing in Geography<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>4. <a style=\"color: #008000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b2%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%ab%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%ae\/\">\u0938\u0941\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>5. <a style=\"color: #993300;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a5%82-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a5%e0%a5%88%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%97%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b9\/\">\u092d\u0942-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939,\u00a0 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366;\">6. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%b2%e0%a5%88%e0%a4%a3%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a1%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%9f-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%97%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b9\/\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\">\u0932\u0948\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0938\u0947\u091f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>7. <a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%97%e0%a5%8d\/\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>8.<a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/the-aerial-photography\/\"> The Aerial Photography (\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940)<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>9. <a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/the-digital-image\/\">The Digital Image (\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c)<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>10. <a style=\"color: #008000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/projection\/\">Projection \/ \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>11. <a style=\"color: #800000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%9a%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%89%e0%a4%a1%e0%a4%b2\/\">\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u00a0<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>12. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%88-%e0%a4%8f%e0%a4%b8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b2%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%be\/\">\u091c\u0940. \u0906\u0908. \u090f\u0938. \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>13. <a style=\"color: #008000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a5%8c%e0%a4%97%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a3%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b2%e0%a5%80\/\">\u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>14. <a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a5%82-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%ad\/\">\u092d\u0942-\u0938\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \/ The Geo-Referencing System<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>15. <a style=\"color: #800080;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%a1%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%b2-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%be\/\">\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0932\u093e<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>16. <a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%8f%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%89%e0%a4%a1%e0%a4%b2\/\">\u0930\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>17. <a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/the-application-of-g\/\">The application of G.P.S. (\u091c\u0940.\u092a\u0940.\u090f\u0938. \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917)<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>18. <a style=\"color: #008000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%97\/\">\u0938\u0941\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">19. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geographynotespdf.com\/classification-of-aerial\/\">Classification of Aerial Photograps (\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923)<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>10. Projection \/ \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a Projection \/ \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u21d2 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 (Spherical Earth) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a (Orthographic Projection) \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f 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